Detainee Interrogations, Physicians, & Psychologists

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Psychologists' & Physicians' Involvement in Detainee Interrogations

Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP

The issue of psychologists and physicians participating in the planning or implementation of detainee interrogation in settings like the Guantanamo Bay Detainment Camp and the Abu Ghraib prison has sparked continuing controversy, formal ethics statements by health care associations (e.g., the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Psychological Association), and a rich array of thoughtful articles expressing diverse views.

This web page provides citations of over 260 articles, books, and chapters addressing this controversy. It also provides links to a few relevant organizations. Finally, there are some other pages on this web site on ethical standards, the military, and other associated topics (e.g., a page with links to over 100 ethics codes & practice guidelines; resources for military personnel, their families, & those who provide services to them; U.S. & Canadian psychology licensing boards & psychology laws). Links to the general sections appear in the vertical list along the left side of each page of this web site.

Organizations


American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law: www.aapl.org
American Medical Association: www.ama-assn.org
American Psychiatric Association: www.psych.org
American Psychological Association Division 19 Society of Military Psychology: www.apa.org/divisions/div19/about1.html
American Psychological Association: www.apa.org
Psychologists For An Ethical APA: www.ethicalapa.com
Withholding APA Dues: www.withholdapadues.com

Articles, Books, & Chapters:

  1. Adler, R. (2007, September 29). Unwitting accomplices in interrogation abuse. New Scientist, issue #2623. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://www.newscientist.com
  2. Allhoff, F. (2006). Physician Involvement in Hostile Interrogations. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 15(4), 392-402.
  3. Altman, N. (2006). Resolution for a Moratorium on Psychologist Participation in Interrogations at US Detention Centers Holding Foreign Detainees, so-called “Enemy Combatants”: Summary and Overview. Retrieved September 1, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/2006moratoriumresolutionsummaryandoverview.pdf
  4. American Academy of Psychiatry & Law. (2006, June 12). Psychiatry Applauds American Medical Association's New Policy Against Physicians Participating in Interrogations. Retrieved September 1, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2mc2xo
  5. American Civil Liberties Union. (2007, August 18), ACLU Calls on American Psychological Association to Ban Torture. Retrieved August 20, 2007, from www.aclu.org/safefree/torture/31355prs20070817.html.
  6. American Civil Liberties Union. (2007, August 18). American Civil Liberties Union letter calling on the American Psychological Association (APA) to prohibit its members from participating in coercive interrogations. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from http://www.aclu.org/safefree/torture/31349lgl20070817.html
  7. American Civil Liberties Union. (2008, April 30). Newly Unredacted Report Confirms Psychologists Supported Illegal Interrogations In Iraq and Afghanistan; Documents Obtained By ACLU Also Uncover "Widespread Use" Of Rescinded Unlawful Interrogation Techniques And Failure Of Medical Personnel To Report Abuses. Retrieved May 5, 2008, from http://www.aclu.org/safefree/torture/35111prs20080430.html
  8. American Medical Association, AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. (2006). Statement on interrogation of prisoners. Retrieved July 9, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/2676d3
  9. American Medical Association. (2006, June 12). New AMA ethical policy opposes direct physician participation in interrogation. Retrieved June 12, 2006, from
    http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/16446.html
  10. American Medical Association. (2006). Physician Participation in Interrogation (Res. 1, I-05), CEJA Report 10-A-06, adopted by the American Medical Assocation. Retrieved October 8, 2007, from www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/369/ceja_10a06.pdf
  11. American Medical Association, Chair, Board of Trustees. (2007, December 15). Ethical Treatment of Military Detainees. Lancet, vol. 370, #9604. Retrieved December 14, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/29q56t
  12. American Psychiatric Association. (2006, May). Psychiatric participation in interrogation of detainees: position statement. Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http://www.psych.org/edu/other_res/lib_archives/archives/200601.pdf.
  13. American Psychiatric Association.(2006, June 12). Psychiatry Applauds American Medical Association's New Policy Against Physicians Participating in Interrogations. News release issued by American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, & American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Retrieved October 8, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2t7yk6
  14. American Psychiatric Association. (2005, June 28). Statement on Psychiatric Practices at Guantanamo Bay. Retrieved June 30, 205, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/26718.php
  15. American Psychological Association calls on U.S. government to prohibit the use of unethical interrogation techniques (APA Press Release). (2007, August 20). Retrieved August 21, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/releases/councilres0807.html
  16. American Psychological Association. (2007, September 23). Frequently Asked Questions Regarding APA's Policies And Positions On The Use Of Torture Or Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment During Interrogations. Press release. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/releases/faqinterrogation.html
  17. American Psychological Association. (2006, August 10). Psychologists reaffirm “do no harm” guideline and strict prohibition against torture and all cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment for work in all national security interrogations. Press release. Retrieved August 14, 2006, from http://www.apa.org/releases/interrogations06.html
  18. American Psychological Association. (2007, August 19). Reaffirmation of the American Psychological Association Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Its Application to Individuals Defined in the United States Code as “Enemy Combatants.” Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/governance/resolutions/councilres0807.html
  19. American Psychological Association. (2006, August 9). Resolution Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Retrieved September 5, 2006, from http://www.apa.org/governance/resolutions/notortureres.html
  20. American Psychological Association. (2007, September 19). Statement on behalf of the American Psychological Association submitted to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence: Psychology & Interrogations. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/26t662
  21. American Psychological Association. (2008, January 14). Statement on behalf of the  American Psychological Association & California Psychological Association before the Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development California State Senate For a Hearing on Torture and Health Professionals. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.cpapsych.org
  22. American Psychological Association Division 19 (Society for Military Psychology). Comments on the Draft APA Council Resolution “Moratorium on Psychologist Involvement in Interrogations at US Detention Centers for Foreign Detainees”. (2007). Retrieved September 10, 2007, from www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/div19response.pdf
  23. "American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) Members' Biographical Statements." Retrieved October 6, 2007, from http://www.webster.edu/peacepsychology/tfpens.html
  24. Annas, G. J. (2005). Unspeakably Cruel - Torture, Medical Ethics, and the Law. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 352, pp. 2127-2132.
  25. Arboleda-Florez, J. (2006, June). Forensic psychiatry: contemporary scope, challenges and controversies. World  Psychiatry, pp. 87-91.
  26. "APA Council Takes Further Action on No-Torture, No Exceptions Policy." (2008, April). APA Monitor on Psychology.
  27. Arrigo, J. M. (2006). Psychological Torture--The CIA and the APA. PsycCRITIQUES, 51.
  28. Arrigo, J. M., & DeBatto, D. (2008, March 19). An Intelligence Perspective onthe February 22, 2008, APA Modification of the August 19, 2007, APA Resolution on Reaffirmation of the American Psychological Association Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Its Application to Individuals Defined in the United States Code as “Enemy Combatants.” Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/2p5672
  29. Beam, T.E., & Sparacino, L.R. (eds.) (2003). Military medical ethics. Washington, DC.: Office of the Surgeon General.
  30. Behan, C. W. (2007). Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War. Journal of Legal Medicine, 28(1), 163-169.
  31. Behnke, S. H. (2007, November 22). APA Responds: Letter from Stephen Behnke, J.D., Ph.D., Director of Ethics, American Psychological Association. Harpers. Retrieved November 24, 2007, at http://harpers.org/subjects/NoComment
  32. Behnke, S. H. (2006, August). Ethics and interrogations: Comparing and contrasting the American Psychological, American Medical and American Psychiatric Association positions. Monitor on Psychology, 37(7), 66.
  33. Behnke, S.H. (2007, October 14). Letter responding to Laurel Bass Wagner. Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.withholdapadues.com
  34. Behnke, S. H. (2006). Professional Associations and the Ethics of Interrogation. PsycCRITIQUES, 51.
  35. Behnke, S. H. (2006). Psychological Ethics and National Security: The Position of the American Psychological Association. European Psychologist, 11(2), 153-155.
  36. Behnke, S. H. (2008, January 14). Statement on behalf of the  American Psychological Association & California Psychological Association Before the Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development California State Senate For a Hearing on Torture and Health Professionals. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.cpapsych.org
  37. Behnke, S. H. & Koocher, G .P. (2007). Commentary on "Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  38. Benjamin, M. (2007, June 21). The CIA's torture teachers: Psychologists helped the CIA exploit a secret military program to develop brutal interrogation tactics. Salon. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/yqax7r
  39. Benjamin, M. (2007, August 21). Will psychologists still abet torture? Salon. Retrieved September 10, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/25kxh7
  40. Benveniste, P. (2007, October 16). Debating involvement in torture. Glens Falls [NY] Post-Star. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2vr7mo
  41. Beyrer, C. (2003, August 6). Review of Dual Loyalty and Human Rights in Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines and Institutional Mechanisms. Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 290, #5. Retrieved March 5, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/32npwg
  42. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005). Doctors and interrogations. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, p. 1634.
  43. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005). Doctors and Interrogators at Guantanamo Bay. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(1), 6-8.
  44. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005, February 4). Triage at Abu Ghraib. New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2005) at
    http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/opinion/04bloche.html
  45. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005). When Doctors Go to War. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(1), 3-6.
  46. Bloche, M. G., Marks, J. H., Falk, R., Gendzier, I., & Lifton, R. J. (2006). Doctors and Interrogators at Guantanamo Bay. In Crimes of War: Iraq. (pp. 345-349): Nation Books: New York.
  47. Blumner, R. (2007, October 14). Psychologists, torture and the rule. St. Petersberg Times. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2a6ewh
  48. Bond, T. (2006, August 23). APA Confab Whitewashes Torture by Shrinks. Counterpunch. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.counterpunch.org/bond08232006.html
  49. Bond, T. (2008, February 12). The Elephant at Gitmo. Counterpunch. Retrieved February 20, 2008, from http://www.counterpunch.org/bond02122008.html
  50. Bosch, T. (2007, August 21). Torture shrinks: What does a psychologist do at a detainee interrogation? Slate. Retrieved August 21, 2007, from http://www.slate.com/id/2172549/
  51. Brehm, S. (2007, September 5). American Psychological Association President's message encouraging the APA Council of Representatives to circulate Dr. Olivia Moorehead-Slaughter's response to Dr. Jean Maria Arrigo and Amy Goodman. Retrieved September 23, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2n9teh
  52. Brehm, S. (2007, January 9). American Psychological Association news release of letter from the APA president to the editor of Washington Monthly. Retrieved March 20, 2007, from www.apa.org/releases/washingtonmonthly.pdf
  53. Burns-Cox, C., Halpin, D., Frost, C., & Hall, P. (2007, December 15). Ethical treatment of military detainees. Lancet, vol. 370, #9604, pp. 1999-2000. Retrieved December 14, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2gh64x
  54. Burton, M., & Kagan, C. (2007, August). Psychologists and torture: More than a question of interrogation. The Psychologist, vol. 20, #8, pp. 484-487.
  55. California Psychological Association. (2008, January 14). Statement on behalf of the  American Psychological Association & California Psychological Association Before the Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development California State Senate For a Hearing on Torture and Health Professionals. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.cpapsych.org
  56. Carvel, J. (2004, August 20). Abu Ghraib doctors knew of torture, says Lancet report. The Guardian. Retrieved August 20, 2004, from
    http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1287158,00.html
  57. Chen, P. (2007, December 4). Dissent to "We Should Stand By Sharon Brehm." Indiana Daily Student News. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from
    http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=46609&comview=1
  58. Clark, P. A. (2006). Medical Ethics at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib: The Problem of Dual Loyalty. Journal of Law & Medical Ethics, 34(3), 570-580.
  59. Coalition for an Ethical APA [American Psychological Association]. (2008, January). Analysis of the American Psychological Association's Frequently Asked Questions Regarding APA's Policies and Positions on the Use of Torture or Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment During Interrogations. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/ys3fjy
  60. Coalition for an Ethical APA [American Psychological Association]. (2008, February 6.) Coaltion for An Ethical APA on Ridley-Thomas California health providers out of inerrogations bill. Retrieved February 6, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/2umm2t
  61. Coalition for an Ethical APA [American Psychological Association]. (2007, September 19). Letter to APA President Brehm responding to attacks on Jean Marie Arrigo. Retrieved September 20, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2thslt
  62. Cohen, P. (2007, December 22). Scholars and the Military Share a Foxhole, Uneasily. New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com
  63. Cohen, S. P. (2005). Doctors and Interrogation, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 353, pp. 1633-1634.
  64. Colley, J. (2006). Providing Care for Detainees. The Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 1(2), 205-212.
  65. Costanzo, M., Gerrity, E., & Lykes, M.B. (2007). Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from
    http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  66. Curiel, J. (2007, August 20). Psychologists oppose torture yet vote to attend terror interrogations. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 20, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/3d2fto
  67. DeClue, G. (2006). Review of A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 34, 381-385.
  68. Democracy New. (2007, August 29). "'The APA Has Long Been a Clan' - Psychologist, Author Mary Pipher Returns APA Award over Interrogation Policy." Democracy Now. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from
    http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/08/29/18444529.php
  69. Dokecki, P. (2007, November 19). Letter of resignation from the American Psychological Association because of interrogation/torture policy. Retrieved December 11, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2fl6fz
  70. Donner, M. (2006, January/February). Healing the mind or breaking the spirit: The role of psychology during Interrogations. California Psychologist, 20-21.
  71. Eban, K. (2007, July 17). Rorschach and awe: America's coercive interrogation methods were reverse-engineered by two C.I.A. psychologists. Vanity Fair. Retrieved July 18, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2zkg9p
  72. Egelko, B. (2007, August 18). Psychologists' feud over aiding military interrogators coming to a head. San Francisco Chronicle.
  73. Estés, Clarissa Pinkola. (2007, December 8). Torture: Did the American Psychological Association Collude With Torture of Human Beings? The Moderate Voice. Retrieved December 9, 2007, from
    http://tinyurl.com/2qqgd2
  74. "Ethicist questions medical workers' role in abuse; Abu Ghraib should be 'wake-up call for the Western world.'" (2004, August 19). CNN. Retrieved August 19, 2004, from
    http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/08/19/doctors.torture
  75. Ex-APA Head Involved in Torture-Linked Firm. (2007, August 15). Democracy Now. Retrieved September 1, 2007, from http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/08/15/1432240
  76. Falk, R., & Gendzier, I. (Eds.). (2006). Crimes of war: Iraq. New York: Nation Books.
  77. Falk, R., Gendzier, I., & Lifton, R. J. (2006). Break Them Down: Systematic Use of Psychological Torture by U.S. Forces. In Crimes of War: Iraq. (pp. 350-361): Nation Books: New York.
  78. Fallenbaum, R. (2007, August 18). Psychologists Protest Professional Association Over Ethics. Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved August 18, 2007 from http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com.
  79. Farberman, R. (2005). "A stain on medical ethics": Comment. Lancet, 366(9487), 712.
  80. Gill, R.E. (2007, September/October). Role of psychologists at detention centers approved. National Psychologist, vol. 1, #5, pp. 1-2.
  81. Glass, A. R. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  82. Glenn, D. (2007, September 4, 2007). A policy on torture roils psychologists' annual meeting; Critics say a new resolution allows mistreatment of prisoners. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from http://chronicle.com
  83. Glenn, D. (2007, October 12). Resolutions Urge Psychology Assn. to Take Tougher Stand on Interrogating Prisoners. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from http://chronicle.com
  84. Goldacre, B. (2008, February 23). Ticking the boxes before trying to save lives. U.K. Guardian. Retrieved February 24, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/ytk5a6
  85. Goodman, A. (2007, August 20). APA Interrogation Task Force Member Dr. Jean Maria Arrigo Exposes Group’s Ties to Military. Retrieved September 10, 2007, from http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/08/20/1628234.
  86. Goodman, A. (2007, August 20). APA Members Hold Fiery Town Hall Meeting on Interrogation, Torture. Democracy Now. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2ze5sz
  87. Goodman, A. (2007, November 26). Leaked Guantanamo Military Operating Manual Reveals Isolation, Sensory Deprivation Was Official Army Policy to Break Prisoners. Democracy Now. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2y9dcg
  88. Goodman, A. (2007, June 8). Psychologists implicated in torture. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved June 9, 2007, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/318745_amy07.html
  89. Goodman, A. (2007, August 22). Psychologists in denial about torture. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/328652_amy23.html
  90. Goodman, A. (2008, April 9). The real [American Psychological Association] anti-torture president. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/358595_amy11.html
  91. Goodman, D. (2008, March 1). The Enablers: The psychology industry's long and shameful history with torture. Mother Jones. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/yqouf7
  92. Gray, G., & Zielinski, A. (2006). Psychology and US psychologists in torture
    and war in the Middle East. Torture, 16(2), 128-133.
  93. Greenberg, K. J., & Dratel, J. L. (2005). The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib: Cambridge University Press.
  94. Griffith, E.E.H. (2007). Review of Military Medical Ethics. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & Law, vol. 35, #3, pages 399-400.
  95. Gross, M. L. (2007). Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War. Journal of Legal Medicine, 28(1), 163-169.
  96. Hall, P. (2004). Doctors and the war on terrorism: Everyone must understand--doctors don't "do" torture. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 329, 66.
  97. Harper, D., & Roberts, R. (2007). The complicity of psychology in the security state. In Just war: Psychology and terrorism. (pp. 15-45): PCCS Books: Ross-on-Wye.
  98. Hausman, K. (2005). APA Addresses Ethics Concerns In Detainee Interrogation. Psychiatric News, 40(21), 4-4.
  99. Hausman, K. (2005). Assembly Addresses Relationship Between APA, Drug Companies; Interrogations. Psychiatric News, 40(24), 9-9.
  100. Hausman, K. (2006). Assembly, Board Pass Statement On Detainee Interrogations. Psychiatric News, 41(12), 1.
  101. Hausman, K. (2006). Military Looks to Psychologists For Advice on Interrogations. Psychiatric News, 41(13), 4.
  102. Holmes, D., & Perron, A. (2007). Violating ethics: Unlawful combatants, national security and health professionals. Journal of Medical Ethics, 33, 143-145.
  103. Horton, S. (2007, November 18). The Psychologists and Gitmo. Harpers. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/11/hbc-90001695
  104. Horton, S. (2007, August 28). Psychologists and the torture question. Harpers. Retrieved September 2, 2007, from http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90001045.
  105. "How complicit are doctors in abuses of detainees?" (2004, August 21). Editorial in Lancet, Volume 364, Number 9435, pp. 637-638.
  106. Hubbard, K.M. (2007). Psychologists and Interrogations: What's Torture Got to Do with It? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  107. Human wrongs: Psychologists have no place assisting interrogations at places such as Guantanamo Bay. (2007, August 22). Editorial in the Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from http://www.chron.com.
  108. Indiana Daily Student Editorial Board. (2007, December 4). Psyched Out: We Say: Sharon Brehm should stand by her decision. Indiana Daily Student News. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from
    http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=46609&comview=1
  109. International Dual Loyalty Working Group. (2002). Dual Loyalty and Human Rights in Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines and Institutional Mechanisms. Boston, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, ISBN 1-879707-39-X.
  110. James, L. C. (2007, June 18). Open letter to the president of the American Psychological Association. Retrieved June 22, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2h9lok
  111. Janofsky, J. S. (2006). Lies And Coercion: Why Psychiatrists Should Not Participate in Police and Intelligence Interrogations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & Law, 34:4:472-478.
  112. Janofsky, J. S. (2006). Review of The torture debate in America. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1532-1533.
  113. Jaschick, S. (2007, October 22). Are IRB's Needed for War Zones? Inside Higher Education. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/10/22/anthro
  114. Jaschick, S. (2007, October 12). Ethics Rebellion in Psychology. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/33fcyf
  115. Jacoby, D. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  116. Justo, L. (2006). Doctors, interrogation, and torture. British Medical Journal, 332(7556), 1462-1463.
  117. Kaupp, J. (2007, June 17). Psychologists have no role in military interrogations. Santa Cruz Sentinel.
  118. Kaye, Jeffrey. (2007, January 27). Why I'm Leaving APA: Letter of Resignation to Alan E. Kazdin, Ph.D., President, American Psychological Association. Retrived January 28, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/2nl8o5
  119. Keram, E. A. (2006). Editorial: Will medical ethics be a casualty of the war on terror? Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34, 6-8.
  120. Kibel, H. D. (2005). Interrogation at Guantanamo. Psychiatric News, Vol. 40, #21, pp. 39-39.
  121. Kiley, K.C. (2004, November 20). Military medicine and human rights. Lancet, Vol. 358, Issue 9287, p. 1004.
  122. Kmietowicz, Z. (2005) BMA meeting condemns doctors’ involvement in torture. British Medical Journal. vol. 331, #7507. Accessed September 12, 2007 from http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7507/DC1/4.
  123. Koocher, G. K. (2006 July/August). Varied and valued roles. Monitor on Psychology   Retrieved September 8, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug06/pc.html
  124. Koocher, G. K. (2007, August 29). Public letter to Amy Goodman regarding statements made by Dr. Jean Maria Arrigo. Retrieved September 19, 2007 from http://tinyurl.com/23sea5
  125. Koocher, G. P. & Keith-Spiegel, P.  (2008).  Ethics in Psychology and the Mental Health Professions, Third Edition.  New York: Oxford University Press.
  126. Kory, D. (2007, July/August). Psychologists Aiding and Abetting Torture. Tikkun. Retrieved September 8, 2007, from
    http://www.tikkun.org/magazine/tik0708/frontpage/torture2
  127. Lawson, L. (2007, December 5). Letter of resignation from the American Psychological Association Because of the APA Policy on Detainees & Torture. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from
    http://tinyurl.com/2ngfwt
  128. Lee, P. R., Conant, M., & Heilig, S. (2005). Participation of Health Care Personnel in Torture and Interrogation. New England Journal of Medicine, 35, 1634-1635.
  129. Lee P.R., Conant M, Jonsen A.R., Heilig S. (2006). Participation in
    torture and interrogation: an inexcusable breach of medical ethics.
    Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Spring;15(2):202-3.
  130. Letter from APA CEU Norman Anderson, Ph.D. replying to the Organization WithholdAPAdues. (2007, November 29). Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http://www.withholdapadues.com
  131. Letter from APA President Sharon Stephens Brehm, Ph.D and APA Chief Executive Officer Norman B. Anderson, Ph.D. to the Chair and the Ranking Member of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. (2007, November 1). Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.apa.org
  132. Letter from APA President Sharon Stephens Brehm, Ph.D and APA Chief Executive Officer Norman B. Anderson, Ph.D. to the Director, Central Intelligence Agency. (2007, November 1). Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.apa.org
  133. Letter from APA President Sharon Stephens Brehm, Ph.D and APA Chief Executive Officer Norman B. Anderson, Ph.D. to the President of the United States. (2007, November 1). Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.apa.org
  134. Letter from the Organization WithholdAPAdues to APA CEO Norman Anderson, Ph.D., Pledging To Withhold Dues. (2007, November 6). Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.withholdapadues.com
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