Detainee Interrogations, Physicians, & Psychologists

home  » detainee interrogations

Psychologists' & Physicians' Involvement in Detainee Interrogations

Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP

PLEASE NOTE: The listing below has not been updated for many, many years.  However,a recent article addressing this topic (which includes citations of other works in this area) is available on this site:
The Code Not Taken: The Path From Guild Ethics to Torture and Our Continuing Choices --
Canadian Psychological Association Member of the Year Award Address by Ken Pope, in Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne (2016).

 

The issue of psychologists and physicians participating in the planning or implementation of detainee interrogation in settings like the Guantanamo Bay Detainment Camp and the Abu Ghraib prison has sparked continuing controversy, significantly different ethics statements by the various health care associations (e.g., the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Psychological Association), and a rich array of thoughtful articles expressing diverse views.

This web page provides citations of over 300 articles, books, and chapters addressing this controversy. It also provides links to a few relevant organizations. Finally, there are some other pages on this web site on ethical standards, the military, and other associated topics (e.g., a page with links to over 100 ethics codes & practice guidelines; resources for U.S. troops, veterans, their families, & those who provide services to them; U.S. & Canadian psychology licensing boards & psychology laws). Links to the general sections appear in the vertical list along the left side of each page of this web site.

Organizations


American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law: www.aapl.org
American Medical Association: www.ama-assn.org
American Psychiatric Association: www.psych.org
American Psychological Association Division 19 Society of Military Psychology: www.apa.org/divisions/div19/about1.html
American Psychological Association: www.apa.org
Psychologists For An Ethical APA: www.ethicalapa.com
Withholding APA Dues: www.withholdapadues.com

Articles, Books, & Chapters:

  1. Abeles, N. (2009). Ethics & the Interrogation of Prisoners. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 44(3), pp. 41-47.
  2. Adler, R. (2007, September 29). Unwitting accomplices in interrogation abuse. New Scientist, issue #2623. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/6jnqh7
  3. Albernaz, A. (2006, October). Interrogation debate intensifies. New England Psychologist. Retrieved December 5, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/c73q85.
  4. Allhoff, F. (2006). Physician Involvement in Hostile Interrogations. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 15(4), 392-402.
  5. Altman, N. (2006, November 5). Letter to Dr. Behnke, Dr. Moorehead-Slaughter, and the Entire Ethics Committee regarding proposed moratorium on psychologist involvment in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/correspondencewithressponsor.pdf
  6. Altman, N. (2006, December 25). Letter to Dr. Behnke regarding proposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/correspondencewithressponsor.pdf
  7. Altman, N. (2006). Resolution for a Moratorium on Psychologist Participation in Interrogations at US Detention Centers Holding Foreign Detainees, so-called “Enemy Combatants”: Summary and Overview. Retrieved September 1, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/2006moratoriumresolutionsummaryandoverview.pdf
  8. American Academy of Psychiatry & Law. (2006, June 12). Psychiatry Applauds American Medical Association's New Policy Against Physicians Participating in Interrogations. Retrieved September 1, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/dbdgf5
  9. American Civil Liberties Union. (2008, June 18), ACLU Letter Stating Disagreement with Dr. Steven Behnke about the report that the ACLU had released. Retrieved July 31, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/6o5grc
  10. American Civil Liberties Union. (2007, August 18). American Civil Liberties Union letter calling on the American Psychological Association (APA) to prohibit its members from participating in coercive interrogations. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from http://www.aclu.org/safefree/torture/31349lgl20070817.html
  11. American Civil Liberties Union. (2008, April 30). Newly Unredacted Report Confirms Psychologists Supported Illegal Interrogations In Iraq and Afghanistan; Documents Obtained By ACLU Also Uncover "Widespread Use" Of Rescinded Unlawful Interrogation Techniques And Failure Of Medical Personnel To Report Abuses. Retrieved May 5, 2008, from http://www.aclu.org/safefree/torture/35111prs20080430.html
  12. American Medical Association, AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. (2006). Statement on interrogation of prisoners. Retrieved July 9, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/2676d3
  13. American Medical Association. (2006, June 12). New AMA ethical policy opposes direct physician participation in interrogation. Retrieved June 12, 2006, from
    http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/16446.html
  14. American Medical Association. (2006). Physician Participation in Interrogation (Res. 1, I-05), CEJA Report 10-A-06, adopted by the American Medical Assocation. Retrieved October 8, 2007, from www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/369/ceja_10a06.pdf
  15. American Medical Association, Chair, Board of Trustees. (2007, December 15). Ethical Treatment of Military Detainees. Lancet, vol. 370, #9604. Retrieved December 14, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/29q56t
  16. American Psychiatric Association. (2006, May). Psychiatric participation in interrogation of detainees: position statement.
  17. American Psychiatric Association.(2006, June 12). Psychiatry Applauds American Medical Association's New Policy Against Physicians Participating in Interrogations. News release issued by American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, & American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Retrieved October 8, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2t7yk6
  18. American Psychiatric Association. (2005, June 28). Statement on Psychiatric Practices at Guantanamo Bay. Retrieved June 30, 205, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/26718.php
  19. American Psychological Association. (2008, September 17). APA Members Approve Petition Resolution on Detainee Settings. (APA Press Release). Retrieved September 17, 2008, from http://www.apa.org/releases/petition0908.html
  20. American Psychological Association. (2007, August 20). APA calls on U.S. government to prohibit the use of unethical interrogation techniques (APA Press Release). Retrieved August 21, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/releases/councilres0807.html
  21. American Psychological Association. (2007, September 23). Frequently Asked Questions Regarding APA's Policies And Positions On The Use Of Torture Or Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment During Interrogations. Press release. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/releases/faqinterrogation.html
  22. American Psychological Association. (2008, July 28). Petition on Psychologists’ Work Settings: Questions and Answers. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www.apa.org/governance/resolutions/qa-work-settings.html
  23. American Psychological Association. (2006, August 10). Psychologists reaffirm “do no harm” guideline and strict prohibition against torture and all cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment for work in all national security interrogations. Press release. Retrieved August 14, 2006, from http://www.apa.org/releases/interrogations06.html
  24. American Psychological Association. (2007, August 19). Reaffirmation of the American Psychological Association Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Its Application to Individuals Defined in the United States Code as “Enemy Combatants.” Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/governance/resolutions/councilres0807.html
  25. American Psychological Association. (2006, August 9). Resolution Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Retrieved September 5, 2006, from http://www.apa.org/governance/resolutions/notortureres.html
  26. American Psychological Association. (2007, September 19). Statement on behalf of the American Psychological Association submitted to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence: Psychology & Interrogations. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/26t662
  27. American Psychological Association. (2008, January 14). Statement on behalf of the  American Psychological Association & California Psychological Association before the Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development California State Senate For a Hearing on Torture and Health Professionals. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.cpapsych.org
  28. American Psychological Association Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest. (2007, April 26). Memorandum to Ethics Committee recommending rejecting proposed moratorium on psychologist participation in detainee interrogations. Retrieived September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/0806CRresolutiongovernancefeedback0507.pdf
  29. American Psychological Association Board of Educational Affairs, Education Directorate. (2007, April 16). Memorandum to Dr. Stephen Behnke, Director, Ethics Office, requesting information on the proposed moratorium on psychologist participation in detainee interrogations. Retrieived September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/0806CRresolutiongovernancefeedback0507.pdf
  30. American Psychological Association Board of Professional Affairs. (2007, April 23). Memorandum to Dr. Stephen Behnke, Director, Ethics Office, from Mary G. Hardiman, M.S., Director of Board Operations, Practice Research & Policy, Practice Directorate: Unapproved minute from the Board of Professional Affairs Spring 2007 meeting, March 23-25, recommending withdrawal or rejection of the proposed moratorium on psychologist participation in detainee interrogations. Retrieived September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/0806CRresolutiongovernancefeedback0507.pdf
  31. American Psychological Association Committee for the Advancement of Professional Practice. (2007, April 30). Memorandum to Dr. Stephen Behnke, Director, Ethics Office, recommending that the proposed moratorium on psychologist participation in detainee interrogations be rejected. Retrieived September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/0806CRresolutiongovernancefeedback0507.pdf
  32. American Psychological Association Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs. (2007, April 23). Memorandum to Dr. Stephen Behnke, Director, Ethics Office, recommending that the proposed moratorium on psychologist participation in detainee interrogations be returned to its movers. Retrieived September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/0806CRresolutiongovernancefeedback0507.pdf
  33. American Psychological Association Committee on Legal Issues. (2007, April 25). Memorandum to Dr. Stephen Behnke, Director, Ethics Office, expressing strong objections to the proposed moratorium on psychologist participation in detainee interrogations in its current form. Retrieived September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/0806CRresolutiongovernancefeedback0507.pdf
  34. American Psychological Association Committee on Legal Issues. (2007, May 3). Memorandum to Dr. Stephen Behnke, Director, Ethics Office, stating that "psychologists practicing in U.S. detention centers holding foreign detainees have been given clear, conistent, and unambiguous guidance from U.S. law, international law, and APA policy with regard to those behaviors that are deemed unacceptable, illegal, and unethical in those contexts"; that COLI "does not believe that Council resolutions are the appropriate place to make political statements"; and that adopting the proposed moratorium on psychologist participation in detainee interrogations "would set a precedent that would have sinificant negative repercussions for the Association in the future." Retrieived September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/0806CRresolutiongovernancefeedback0507.pdf
  35. American Psychological Association Division 19 (Society for Military Psychology). Comments on the Draft APA Council Resolution “Moratorium on Psychologist Involvement in Interrogations at US Detention Centers for Foreign Detainees”. (2007). Retrieved September 10, 2007, from www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/div19response.pdf
  36. American Psychological Association Ethics Committee. (2007, June 8-10). Board of Directors Adenda Item #4: Recommendation to reject proposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in detainee interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/ethicsresolutionBD0511fin.pdf
  37. "American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) Members' Biographical Statements." Retrieved October 6, 2007, from http://www.webster.edu/peacepsychology/tfpens.html
  38. Annas, G. J. (2005). Unspeakably Cruel - Torture, Medical Ethics, and the Law. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 352, pp. 2127-2132.
  39. Arboleda-Florez, J. (2006, June). Forensic psychiatry: contemporary scope, challenges and controversies. World  Psychiatry, pp. 87-91.
  40. "APA Council Takes Further Action on No-Torture, No Exceptions Policy." (2008, April). APA Monitor on Psychology.
  41. Arrigo, J. M. (2006). Psychological Torture--The CIA and the APA. PsycCRITIQUES, 51.
  42. Arrigo, J. M., & DeBatto, D. (2008, March 19). An Intelligence Perspective onthe February 22, 2008, APA Modification of the August 19, 2007, APA Resolution on Reaffirmation of the American Psychological Association Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Its Application to Individuals Defined in the United States Code as “Enemy Combatants.” Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/2p5672
  43. Arrigo, J. M., & Bennett, R. (2007). Organizational Supports for Abusive Interrogations in “The War on Terror.” Peace and Conflict, vol. 13, #4, pp. 411-421.
  44. Baroch, A. (2005, December 12). Medical Experts Debate Ethics of Military Interrogations. Voice of America. Retrieved December 18, 2005, from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2005/12/mil-051212-voa05.htm
  45. Beam, T.E., & Sparacino, L.R. (eds.) (2003). Military medical ethics. Washington, DC.: Office of the Surgeon General.
  46. Behan, C. W. (2007). Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War. Journal of Legal Medicine, 28(1), 163-169.
  47. Behnke, S. H. (2007, November 22). APA Responds: Letter from Stephen Behnke, J.D., Ph.D., Director of Ethics, American Psychological Association. Harpers. Retrieved November 24, 2007, at http://harpers.org/subjects/NoComment
  48. Behnke, S. H. (2008, September 1). Detainee Interrogations: American Psychological Association Counters, but Questions Remain. Psychiatric Times, vol. 25, #10, pp. 54, 58-59. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/1285473
  49. Behnke, S. H. (2006, August). Ethics and interrogations: Comparing and contrasting the American Psychological, American Medical and American Psychiatric Association positions. Monitor on Psychology, 37(7), 66.
  50. Behnke, S. H. (2006, November 1). Letter to Dr. Neil Altman regarding propose moratorium on psychologist involvement in detainee interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/correspondencewithressponsor.pdf
  51. Behnke, S. H. (2006, December 22). Letter to Dr. Neil Altman regardingproposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in detainee interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/correspondencewithressponsor.pdf
  52. Behnke, S. H. (2007, Fall). Letters to the Editor III : An Open Letter From Stephen Behnke. Psychologist-Psychoanalyst, vol. 27, #4.
  53. Behnke, S. H. (2006). Professional Associations and the Ethics of Interrogation. PsycCRITIQUES, 51(30).
  54. Behnke, S. H. (2006). Psychological Ethics and National Security: The Position of the American Psychological Association. European Psychologist, 11(2), 153-155.
  55. Behnke, S. H. (2008, January 14). Statement on behalf of the  American Psychological Association & California Psychological Association Before the Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development California State Senate For a Hearing on Torture and Health Professionals. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.cpapsych.org
  56. Behnke, S. H. & Koocher, G .P. (2007). Commentary on "Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  57. Benjamin, M. (2007, June 21). The CIA's torture teachers: Psychologists helped the CIA exploit a secret military program to develop brutal interrogation tactics. Salon. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/yqax7r
  58. Benjamin, M. (2007, August 21). Will psychologists still abet torture? Salon. Retrieved September 10, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/25kxh7
  59. Benveniste, P. (2007, October 16). Debating involvement in torture. Glens Falls [NY] Post-Star. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2vr7mo
  60. Beyrer, C. (2003, August 6). Review of Dual Loyalty and Human Rights in Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines and Institutional Mechanisms. Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 290, #5. Retrieved March 5, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/32npwg
  61. Blachar, Y., & Borow, M. (2009). Health professionals and dual loyalty: A World Medical Association perspective and Israeli Medical Association perspective. Chapter in Goodman, R. & Roseman, M.J. (Eds.). Interrogations, Forced Feedings, and the Role of Health Professionals: New Perspectives on International Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Ethics (Harvard Law School Human Rights Program series), pp. 173-185. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  62. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005). Doctors and interrogations. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, p. 1634.
  63. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005). Doctors and Interrogators at Guantanamo Bay. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(1), 6-8.
  64. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005, February 4). Triage at Abu Ghraib. New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2005) at
    http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/opinion/04bloche.html
  65. Bloche, M. G., & Marks, J. H. (2005). When Doctors Go to War. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(1), 3-6.
  66. Bloche, M. G., Marks, J. H., Falk, R., Gendzier, I., & Lifton, R. J. (2006). Doctors and Interrogators at Guantanamo Bay. In Crimes of War: Iraq. (pp. 345-349): Nation Books: New York.
  67. Blumner, R. (2007, October 14). Psychologists, torture and the rules. St. Petersberg Times. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2a6ewh
  68. Bond, T. (2006, August 23). APA Confab Whitewashes Torture by Shrinks. Counterpunch. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.counterpunch.org/bond08232006.html
  69. Bond, T. (2008, February 12). The Elephant at Gitmo. Counterpunch. Retrieved February 20, 2008, from http://www.counterpunch.org/bond02122008.html
  70. Bond, T. (2008, August 7). Fixing Hell and Curing Obesity: The Strange, Post-Gitmo Career of Col. Larry James. Counterpunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/bond08072008.html
  71. Bosch, T. (2007, August 21). Torture shrinks: What does a psychologist do at a detainee interrogation? Slate. Retrieved August 21, 2007, from http://www.slate.com/id/2172549/
  72. Boston Globe. (2008, August 30). Boston Globe Editorial: Psychologists and Torture. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/5qhtf2
  73. Brehm, S. (2007, September 5). American Psychological Association President's message encouraging the APA Council of Representatives to circulate Dr. Olivia Moorehead-Slaughter's response to Dr. Jean Maria Arrigo and Amy Goodman. Retrieved September 23, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2n9teh
  74. Brehm, S. (2007, January 9). American Psychological Association news release of letter from the APA president to the editor of Washington Monthly. Retrieved March 20, 2007, from www.apa.org/releases/washingtonmonthly.pdf
  75. Burns-Cox, C., Halpin, D., Frost, C., & Hall, P. (2007, December 15). Ethical treatment of military detainees. Lancet, vol. 370, #9604, pp. 1999-2000. Retrieved December 14, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2gh64x
  76. Burton, M., & Kagan, C. (2007, August). Psychologists and torture: More than a question of interrogation. The Psychologist, vol. 20, #8, pp. 484-487.
  77. California Psychological Association. (2008, January 14). Statement on behalf of the  American Psychological Association & California Psychological Association Before the Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development California State Senate For a Hearing on Torture and Health Professionals. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://www.cpapsych.org
  78. Carter, L. A., & Abeles, N. (2009). Ethics, prisoner interrogation, national security, and the media. Psychological Services, 6(1), pp. 11-21.
  79. Carvel, J. (2004, August 20). Abu Ghraib doctors knew of torture, says Lancet report. The Guardian. Retrieved August 20, 2004, from
    http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1287158,00.html
  80. Chen, P. (2007, December 4). Dissent to "We Should Stand By Sharon Brehm." Indiana Daily Student News. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from
    http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=46609&comview=1
  81. Civiello, C. L. (2009). Introduction to the special issue on organizational consulting in national security contexts. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 61(1), pp. 1-4.
  82. Clark, P. A. (2006). Medical Ethics at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib: The Problem of Dual Loyalty. Journal of Law & Medical Ethics, 34(3), 570-580.
  83. Coalition for an Ethical APA [American Psychological Association]. (2008, January). Analysis of the American Psychological Association's Frequently Asked Questions Regarding APA's Policies and Positions on the Use of Torture or Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment During Interrogations. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/ys3fjy
  84. Coalition for an Ethical APA [American Psychological Association]. (2008, February 6.) Coaltion for An Ethical APA on Ridley-Thomas California health providers out of interrogations bill. Retrieved February 6, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/2umm2t
  85. Coalition for an Ethical APA [American Psychological Association]. (2007, September 19). Letter to APA President Brehm responding to attacks on Jean Marie Arrigo. Retrieved September 20, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2thslt
  86. Cohen, P. (2007, December 22). Scholars and the Military Share a Foxhole, Uneasily. New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com
  87. Cohen, S. P. (2005). Doctors and Interrogation, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 353, pp. 1633-1634.
  88. Colley, J. (2006). Providing Care for Detainees. The Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 1(2), 205-212.
  89. Costanzo, M., Gerrity, E., & Lykes, M.B. (2007). Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from
    http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  90. Curiel, J. (2007, August 20). Psychologists oppose torture yet vote to attend terror interrogations. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 20, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/3d2fto
  91. DeClue, G. (2006). Review of A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 34, 381-385.
  92. Democracy New. (2007, August 29). "'The APA Has Long Been a Clan' - Psychologist, Author Mary Pipher Returns APA Award over Interrogation Policy." Democracy Now. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from
    http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/08/29/18444529.php
  93. Dokecki, P. (2007, November 19). Letter of resignation from the American Psychological Association because of interrogation/torture policy. Retrieved December 11, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2fl6fz
  94. Donner, M. (2006, January/February). Healing the mind or breaking the spirit: The role of psychology during Interrogations. California Psychologist, 20-21.
  95. Dyer, O. (2007, September 15). U.S. medical authorities are accused of failing to act over doctors in Guantanamo. British Medical Journal, vol. 335, #7619, p. 530. Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7619/530-a
  96. Eban, K. (2007, July 17). Rorschach and awe: America's coercive interrogation methods were reverse-engineered by two C.I.A. psychologists. Vanity Fair. Retrieved July 18, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2zkg9p
  97. Egelko, B. (2007, August 18). Psychologists' feud over aiding military interrogators coming to a head. San Francisco Chronicle.
  98. EMAIL MESSAGES FROM THE LISTERV OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS PRESIDENTIAL TASK FORCE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL ETHICS AND NATIONAL SECURITY: APRIL 22, 2005 - JUNE 26, 2006. Retrieved May 7, 2009, from http://s3.amazonaws.com/propublica/assets/docs/pens_listserv.pdf
  99. Ephron, D. (2008, October 27). Biscuit Breaker: Psychologist Steven Reisner has embarked on a crusade
    to get his colleagues out of the business of interrogations. Newsweek. Retrieved October 27, 2008, from http://www.newsweek.com/id/164497.
  100. Estés, Clarissa Pinkola. (2007, December 8). Torture: Did the American Psychological Association Collude With Torture of Human Beings? The Moderate Voice. Retrieved December 9, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2qqgd2
  101. "Ethicist questions medical workers' role in abuse; Abu Ghraib should be 'wake-up call for the Western world.'" (2004, August 19). CNN. Retrieved August 19, 2004, from
    http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/08/19/doctors.torture
  102. Ex-APA Head Involved in Torture-Linked Firm. (2007, August 15). Democracy Now. Retrieved September 1, 2007, from http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/08/15/1432240
  103. Falk, R., & Gendzier, I. (Eds.). (2006). Crimes of war: Iraq. New York: Nation Books.
  104. Falk, R., Gendzier, I., & Lifton, R. J. (2006). Break Them Down: Systematic Use of Psychological Torture by U.S. Forces. In Crimes of War: Iraq. (pp. 350-361): Nation Books: New York.
  105. Fallenbaum, R. (2007, August 18). Psychologists Protest Professional Association Over Ethics. Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved August 18, 2007 from http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com.
  106. Farberman, R. (2008, August 17). Psychological association, its members oppose torture. Letter to the editor. Boston Globe.
  107. Farberman, R. (2005). "Stain on medical ethics": Comment. Lancet, 366(9487), 712.
  108. Fink, S. (2009, May 6). The reluctant enablers of torture. Salon. Retrieved May 6, 2009, from http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/05/05/torture/
  109. Fink, S. (2009, May 5). Tortured Profession: Psychologists Warned of Abusive Interrogations, Then Helped Craft Them. Pro Publica: Journalism in the Public Interest. Retrieved May 6, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/csjx6e.
  110. Finn, B. (2009, May 2). Detainees Omitted from American Psychological Association Ethics Code: Commentary on "Contrasting ethical policies of physicians and psychologists concerning interrogation of detainees." British Medical Journal. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/338/apr30_2/b1653
  111. Gelles, M. G. (2007, March 14). Letter to Drs. Neil Altman & Olivia Moorehead-Slaughter regarding proposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/gellesletter.pdf
  112. Gill, R.E. (2007, September/October). Role of psychologists at detention centers approved. National Psychologist, vol. 1, #5, pp. 1-2.
  113. Glass, A. R. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  114. Glenn, D. (2007, September 4, 2007). A policy on torture roils psychologists' annual meeting; Critics say a new resolution allows mistreatment of prisoners. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from http://chronicle.com
  115. Glenn, D. (2008, September 18). Psychological Association Votes to Restrict Work at Certain Detention Centers. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/47nrtn
  116. Glenn, D. (2007, October 12). Resolutions Urge Psychology Assn. to Take Tougher Stand on Interrogating Prisoners. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from http://chronicle.com
  117. Goldacre, B. (2008, February 23). Ticking the boxes before trying to save lives. U.K. Guardian. Retrieved February 24, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/ytk5a6
  118. Goldstein, J. (2008, September 18). Psychology Group Changes Policy on Interrogations. New York Sun. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/4yhqzf
  119. Goodman, A. (2007, August 20). APA Interrogation Task Force Member Dr. Jean Maria Arrigo Exposes Group’s Ties to Military. Retrieved September 10, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/4dt8zo.
  120. Goodman, A. (2007, August 20). APA Members Hold Fiery Town Hall Meeting on Interrogation, Torture. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2ze5sz
  121. Goodman, A. (2007, November 26). Leaked Guantanamo Military Operating Manual Reveals Isolation, Sensory Deprivation Was Official Army Policy to Break Prisoners. Democracy Now. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2y9dcg
  122. Goodman, A. (2007, June 8). Psychologists implicated in torture. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved June 9, 2007, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/318745_amy07.html
  123. Goodman, A. (2007, August 22). Psychologists in denial about torture. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/328652_amy23.html
  124. Goodman, A. (2008, April 9). The real [American Psychological Association] anti-torture president. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/358595_amy11.html
  125. Goodman, A., & Goodman, D. (2008). Psychologists in denial. Chapter 5 in Standing Up to the Madness: Ordinary Heroes in Extraordinary Times by A. Goodman & D. Goodman. New York: Hyperion Books, pages 109-135.
  126. Goodman, D. (2008, March 1). The Enablers: The psychology industry's long and shameful history with torture. Mother Jones. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/yqouf7
  127. Gravitz, M. A. (2009). Professional ethics and national security: Some current issues. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, vol. 61, #1, pp.33-42.
  128. Gray, G., & Zielinski, A. (2006). Psychology and US psychologists in torture
    and war in the Middle East. Torture, 16(2), 128-133.
  129. Greenberg, K. J., & Dratel, J. L. (2005). The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib: Cambridge University Press.
  130. Greene, C. H. III, & Banks, L. M. (2009). Ethical guideline evolution in psychological support to interrogation operations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, vol. 61, #1, pp. 25-32.
  131. Griffith, E.E.H. (2007). Review of Military Medical Ethics. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & Law, vol. 35, #3, pages 399-400.
  132. Gross, M. L. (2007). Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War. Journal of Legal Medicine, 28(1), 163-169.
  133. Hall, P. (2004, July 10). Doctors and the war on terrorism: Everyone must understand--doctors don't "do" torture. British Medical Journal, vol. 329, 66. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from http://tinyurl.com/3rt2l2
  134. Harper, D., & Roberts, R. (2007). The complicity of psychology in the security state. In Just war: Psychology and terrorism. (pp. 15-45): PCCS Books: Ross-on-Wye.
  135. Hausman, K. (2005). APA Addresses Ethics Concerns In Detainee Interrogation. Psychiatric News, 40(21), 4-4.
  136. Hausman, K. (2005). Assembly Addresses Relationship Between APA, Drug Companies; Interrogations. Psychiatric News, 40(24), 9-9.
  137. Hausman, K. (2006). Assembly, Board Pass Statement On Detainee Interrogations. Psychiatric News, 41(12), 1.
  138. Hausman, K. (2006). Military Looks to Psychologists For Advice on Interrogations. Psychiatric News, 41(13), 4.
  139. Heyman, Joseph M. (2008, December 18). Military Medical Ethics. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, #25, pp. 2728-2729. Retrieved December 18, 2008, from http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/25/2728
  140. Holmes, D., & Perron, A. (2007). Violating ethics: Unlawful combatants, national security and health professionals. Journal of Medical Ethics, 33, 143-145.
  141. Horton, S. (2009, July 20). APA's Nuremberg Defense. Harper's Magazine. Retrieved July 24, 2009) from http://www.harpers.org/archive/2009/07/hbc-90005399
  142. Horton, S. (2007, November 18). The Psychologists and Gitmo. Harper's Magaine. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/11/hbc-90001695
  143. Horton, S. (2007, August 28). Psychologists and the torture question. Harper's Magazine. Retrieved September 2, 2007, from http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90001045.
  144. Hoult, J. A. (2009, May 2). Historical Lessons Unlearned: Commentary on "Contrasting ethical policies of physicians and psychologists concerning interrogation of detainees." British Medical Journal. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/338/apr30_2/b1653
  145. "How complicit are doctors in abuses of detainees?" (2004, August 21). Editorial in Lancet, Volume 364, Number 9435, pp. 637-638.
  146. Hubbard, K.M. (2007). Psychologists and Interrogations: What's Torture Got to Do with It? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  147. Human wrongs: Psychologists have no place assisting interrogations at places such as Guantanamo Bay. (2007, August 22). Editorial in the Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from http://www.chron.com.
  148. Hutson, M. (2006, November-December). Keeping Interrogation Clean: Should therapists be involved in prisoner interrogations? Psychology Today, vol. 39, #6.
  149. Hutson, M. (2006, November-December). Unwanted shrinkage. Psychology Today, vol. 39, #6.
  150. Indiana Daily Student Editorial Board. (2007, December 4). Psyched Out: We Say: Sharon Brehm should stand by her decision. Indiana Daily Student News. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=46609&comview=1
  151. International Committee of the Red Cross. (2007, February 14). ICRC Report on the Treatment of Fourteen "High Value Detainess" in CIA Custody. Retrieved April 6, 2009, from http://www.nybooks.com/icrc-report.pdf
  152. International Dual Loyalty Working Group. (2002). Dual Loyalty and Human Rights in Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines and Institutional Mechanisms. Boston, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, ISBN 1-879707-39-X.
  153. Jacobs, E. (2007, March 23). Letter to Dr. Michael Gelles in response to Dr. Gelles's letter about the proposed moratorium on psycholgist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/uwejacobs.pdf
  154. James, L. C. (2008). Fixing hell. Grand Central Publishing.
  155. James, L. C. (2007, June 18). Open letter to the president of the American Psychological Association. Retrieved June 22, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2h9lok
  156. Janofsky, J. S. (2006). Lies And Coercion: Why Psychiatrists Should Not Participate in Police and Intelligence Interrogations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & Law, 34:4:472-478.
  157. Janofsky, J. S. (2006). Review of The torture debate in America. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1532-1533.
  158. Jaschick, S. (2007, October 22). Are IRB's Needed for War Zones? Inside Higher Education. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/10/22/anthro
  159. Jaschick, S. (2007, October 12). Ethics Rebellion in Psychology. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/33fcyf
  160. Jacoby, D. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  161. Justo, L. (2006). Doctors, interrogation, and torture. British Medical Journal, 332(7556), 1462-1463.
  162. Kalbeitzer, R. (2009). Psychologists and interrogations: Ethical dilemmas in times of war. Ethics & Behavior, 19(2), 156-168.
  163. Kaupp, J. (2007, June 17). Psychologists have no role in military interrogations. Santa Cruz Sentinel.
  164. Kaye, Jeffrey. (2007, January 27). Why I'm Leaving APA: Letter of Resignation to Alan E. Kazdin, Ph.D., President, American Psychological Association. Retrived January 28, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/2nl8o5
  165. Keram, E. A. (2006). Editorial: Will medical ethics be a casualty of the war on terror? Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34, 6-8.
  166. Kibel, H. D. (2005). Interrogation at Guantanamo. Psychiatric News, Vol. 40, #21, pp. 39-39.
  167. Kiley, K.C. (2004, November 20). Military medicine and human rights. Lancet, Vol. 358, Issue 9287, p. 1004.
  168. Kmietowicz, Z. (2005) BMA meeting condemns doctors’ involvement in torture. British Medical Journal. vol. 331, #7507. Accessed September 12, 2007 from http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7507/DC1/4.
  169. Koocher, G. K. (2006 July/August). President's column: Varied and valued roles. Monitor on Psychology   Retrieved September 8, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug06/pc.html
  170. Koocher, G. K. (2007, August 29). Public letter to Amy Goodman regarding statements made by Dr. Jean Maria Arrigo. Retrieved September 19, 2007 from http://tinyurl.com/23sea5
  171. Koocher, G. P. & Keith-Spiegel, P.  (2008).  Ethics in Psychology and the Mental Health Professions, Third Edition.  New York: Oxford University Press.
  172. Kory, D. (2007, July/August). Psychologists Aiding and Abetting Torture. Tikkun.
  173. Langston, E. L. (2007, December). Ethical treatment of military detainees. Lancet, vol. 37, #9604, p. 1999.
  174. Lawson, L. (2007, December 5). Letter of resignation from the American Psychological Association Because of the APA Policy on Detainees & Torture. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2ngfwt
  175. Lee, P. R., Conant, M., & Heilig, S. (2005). Participation of Health Care Personnel in Torture and Interrogation. New England Journal of Medicine, 35, 1634-1635.
  176. Lee P.R., Conant M, Jonsen A.R., Heilig S. (2006). Participation in torture and interrogation: an inexcusable breach of medical ethics. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Spring;15(2):202-3.
  177. Lenzer, J. (2004, October 16). World Medical Association amends its policy on doctors' duty during armed conflict. British Medical Journal, vol. 329, p. 878. Retrieved October 16, 2004, from http://tinyurl.com/4o6h3u
  178. Letter from APA CEO Norman Anderson, Ph.D. replying to the Organization WithholdAPAdues. (2007, November 29). Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http://www.withholdapadues.com
  179. Letter from APA President Sharon Stephens Brehm, Ph.D and APA Chief Executive Officer Norman B. Anderson, Ph.D. to the Chair and the Ranking Member of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. (2007, November 1). Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.apa.org
  180. Letter from APA President Sharon Stephens Brehm, Ph.D and APA Chief Executive Officer Norman B. Anderson, Ph.D. to the Director, Central Intelligence Agency. (2007, November 1). Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.apa.org
  181. Letter from APA President Sharon Stephens Brehm, Ph.D and APA Chief Executive Officer Norman B. Anderson, Ph.D. to the President of the United States. (2007, November 1). Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.apa.org
  182. Letter from the Organization WithholdAPAdues to APA CEO Norman Anderson, Ph.D., Pledging To Withhold Dues. (2007, November 6). Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.withholdapadues.com
  183. Letter from the Organization Withholdapadues responding to APA CEO Norman Anderson, Ph.D. (2007, December 17). Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://www.withholdapadues.com
  184. Levant, R. F. (2007). Visit to the US Joint Task Force Station at Guantanamo Bay: A First-Person Account. Military Psychology, 19(1), 1-7
  185. Levin, A. (2007, December 21). Psychologists Adopt Resolution Updating Position on Torture. Psychiatric News, Volume 42, Number 24, page 2. Retrieved December 21, 2007, from
    http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/42/24/2
  186. Levin, J. (2005). Dilemmas working with victims of detention. Gestalt Review, vol. 9, #3, pp. 295-309
  187. Levine, A. (2007, January-February). Collective Unconscionable: How psychologists, the most liberal of professionals, abetted torture. Washington Monthly. Retrieved March 3, 2007, from
    http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0701.levine.html
  188. Levine, M.A. (2007, October). Role of Physicians in Interrogations. Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, vol. 9, #10. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from
    http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2007/10/pfor2-0710.html
  189. Lewis, N. A. (2005, January 1). Fresh details emerge on harsh methods at Guantanamo. New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/01/national/01gitmo.html
  190. Lewis, N. A. (2005, June 24). Interrogators cite doctors’ aid at Guantanamo. New York Times, page A1. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/39gqqh
  191. Lewis, N. A. (2006, June 7). Psychologists preferred for detainees. New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/2gfjdz
  192. Lewis, N. A. (2004, November 30). Red Cross find detainee abuse in Guantanamo; US rejects accusations; confidential report calls practice tantamount to torture. New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://nytimes.com
  193. Lifton, R. J. (2008, August 11). Brief videotaped statement by Robert Jay Lifton explaining his reasons for condemning the American Psychological Association's policy on detainee interrogations. Retrived September 3, 2008, from http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=752182170409437361
  194. Lifton, R. J. (2004, July 29). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #5, pp. 415-416. Retrieved July 30, 2004,from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/5/415
  195. Lifton, R. J., & Xenakis, S. N. (2006, June 8). Doctors must be healers, not interrogators. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jun/08/opinion/oe-lifton8
  196. Lindsey, K. T. (2007). Division 19 Mid-Year Executive Committee Meeting. Military Psychologist, vol. 23(1)
  197. Login, A., Registration, I., Registration, P., Map, S., Areas, S., & Note, F. (2007). Psychoanalysis, The American Psychological Association, and the Involvement Of Psychologists at Guantanamo Bay. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 12, 83-92.
  198. Lopez-Munoz, F., Alamo, C., Dudley, M., Rubio, G., GarcÌa-GarcÌa, P., Molina, J. D., et al. (2007). Psychiatry and political--institutional abuse from the historical perspective: The ethical lessons of the Nuremberg Trial on their 60th anniversary. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 31, 791-806.
  199. Lott, Bernice. (2007). APA and the Participation of Psychologists in Situations in Which Human Rights Are Violated: Comment on "Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from
    http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0
  200. Mallak, C. T. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  201. Marks, J. H. (2007). The Bioethics of War. Hastings Center Report, MIT Press.
  202. Marks, J. H. (2007). Doctors As Pawns? Law and Medical Ethics at Guantánamo Bay. Seton Hall Law Rev, 37(3), 711-731.
  203. Marks, J. H. (2005, July-August). Doctors of Interrogation. Hastings Center Report, 35, 4, 17-22.
  204. Marks, J. H. (2009). Looking back, thinking ahead: The complicity of health professionals in detainee abuse. Chapter in Goodman, R. & Roseman, M.J. (Eds.). Interrogations, Forced Feedings, and the Role of Health Professionals: New Perspectives on International Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Ethics (Harvard Law School Human Rights Program series), pp. 21-47. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  205. Marsella, A. J. (2006). Psychology, the CIA, and Torture: A Hidden History...No Longer! PsycCRITIQUES, 51.
  206. Marshall, T. (2002, January 26). Doctors in Guantanamo Bay are at risk of being accessories to torture. British Medical Journal, vol. 324, p. 235. Retrieved January 26, 2002, from http://tinyurl.com/4mhqxf
  207. Maruyama, G., & Peterson, J.J. (2007). Editor's Forward to the Article "Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations" and Invited Comments about That Article. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from
    http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0
  208. Marzicola, S. O. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  209. Mayer, J. (2008). The Dark Side. New York: Doubleday.
  210. Mayor, S. (2004, October 30). AMA calls for inquiry into doctors' role in abuse of prisoners. British Medical Journal, vol. 329, p. 993. Retrieved October 30, 2004, from http://tinyurl.com/4akbta
  211. McGrath, R. (2007, September). Psychologists in the military. Letter to the editor in the Monitor on Psychology, vol. 38, #8, p. 4.
  212. Meyers, J. (2007). Letter to the editor: Response to "Lies and coercion: why psychiatrists should not participate in police and intelligence interrogations." Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry & Law, 35, 1, 137.
  213. Miles, S. H. (2004). Abu Ghraib: Its legacy for military medicine. The Lancet, 364(9435), 725-729.
  214. Miles, S. H. (2008, July 31). Doctors' complicity with torture: It is time for sanctions. British Medical Journal, 337, No 7665.
  215. Miles, S. H. (2007, March 23). Letter to Members of the American Psychological Association and its Council in response to Dr. Geller's letter regarding the proposed moratorium of psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/stevenmiles.pdf
  216. Miles, S.H. (2007). Medical ethics and the interrogation of Guantanamo 063. American Journal of Bioethics, vol. 7, #4, 5.
  217. Miles, S. H. (2004, September 20). Military medicine and human rights. Lancet, Vol. 364, Issue 9448, p. 1852,
  218. Miles, S. H. (2006). Oath betrayed: Torture, medical complicity, & the war on terror. Random House.
  219. Miles, S. H. (2009). Oath betrayed: Torture, medical complicity, & the war on terror, Second Edition. University of California Press.
  220. Miles, S. H. (2009, May 1). Psychologists and Torture. British Medical Journal. Retrieved May 2, 2009, from http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/338/apr30_2/b1653.
  221. Miles, S. H., & Freedman, A. M. (2009). Medical ethics and torture: revising the Declaration of Tokyo. Lancet, Volume 373, Issue 9660, pp. 344-348.
  222. Miller, E. J. (2004, October 7). Doctors and Torture. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 1571. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  223. Miller, G. (2003). Assessment of DOD counterterrorism interrogation and detention operations in Iraq. Available at http://www.publicintegrity.org/docs/AbuGhraib/Abu3.pdf. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from http://www.publicintegrity.org/docs/AbuGhraib/Abu3.pdf
  224. Mitchell, L. (2007, August 1). The ongoing medicalization of torture. Harpers. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90000688
  225. Mitka, M. (2009, April 8). Interrogation and detention. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(14), p. 1427.
  226. More Health Care Professionals Involved In Design, Structuring of Torture Than in Providing Care for Survivors: Transcript of interview with Douglas Johnson, executive director of the Center for Victims of Torture in Minneapolis, & Steven Miles, professor of medicine at the University of Minnesota Medical School and a faculty member of its Center for Bioethics. (2007, September 28). Democracy Now. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/3cyq4j
  227. Moorehead-Slaughter, O. (2006, April). Ethics and national security. Monitor on Psychology. Retrieved May 19, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/apr06/security.html
  228. Moorehead-Slaughter, O. (2006, January 17). Letter to Dr. Neil Altman regarding proposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/lettersfromoliviamooreheadslaughter.pdf
  229. Moorehead-Slaughter, O. (2007, April 4). Letter to Dr. Neil Altman regarding proposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/lettersfromoliviamooreheadslaughter.pdf
  230. Moorehead-Slaughter, O. (2007, April 26). Letter to Dr. Neil Altman regarding proposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/lettersfromoliviamooreheadslaughter.pdf
  231. Moorehead-Slaughter, O. (2007, May 3). Letter to Dr. Neil Altman regarding proposed moratorium on psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Retrieved September 14, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/pdfs/lettersfromoliviamooreheadslaughter.pdf
  232. Moorehead-Slaughter, O. (2007, September 5). Message to the President, American Psychological Association, responding to Amy Goodman and Dr. Jean Maria Arrigo. Retrieved September 23, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2n9teh
  233. Moran, M. (2005). AMA to Evaluate MD Role In Detainee Interrogation. Psychiatric News, 40(23), 6-48.
  234. Moran, M. (2005). Terrorist-Suspect Questioning Prompts APA Ethics Review. Psychiatric News, 40(16), 1-34.
  235. Moran, M. (2006). AMA Interrogation Policy Similar to APA's Position. Psychiatric News, 41(13), 1.
  236. Moreno, J. D. (2003). Detainee ethics: terrorists as research subjects. American Journal of Bioethics, 3(4), W32-W33.
  237. Munsey, C. (2006, October). Commentary to elucidate ethical involvement in interrogations. Monitor on Psychology, vol. 37, #9, p. 29.
  238. Munsey, C. (2007, October). Stay involved or get out? APA members deliberate whether psychologists should play a role in military interrogation of terrorism detainees.Monitor on Psychology. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct07/stayinvolved.html
  239. Munsey, C., & Meyers, L. (2006, October). Debating psychologists’ wartime roles: Some convention presenters spoke out against psychologist involvement in military interrogations. Monitor on Psychology.   Retrieved September 7, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct06/wartime.html
  240. Nicholl, D. J., Jenkins, T., Miles, S. H., Hopkins, W., Siddiqui, A., & Boulton, F., on behalf of 260 other signatories. (2007, September 8). Biko to Guantanamo: 30 years of medical involvement in torture. Lancet, Vol. 370, Issue 9590, p. 823.
  241. Norwegian Psychological Association's & Nordic Committee of Psychologists’ Associations' Letter to the American Psychological Association Questioning APA's Policies Regardarding Detainee Interogations. (2008, June 25). Retrieved July 7, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/5bt9sg
  242. Nowak, M., & McArthur, E. (2006). The distinction between torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Torture, 16(3), 147-151.
  243. Ojeda, A. (2008). The trauma of psychological torture. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  244. Okie, S. (2005). Glimpses of Guantanamo: Medical Ethics and the War on Terror, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 353, pp. 2529-2534).
  245. Olson, B., & Davis, M. (2008, January-February). APA and the Myths and Costs of Endorsing Psychologist Involvement in Detainee Interrogations. The National Psychologist, vol. 17, #1, January-February, p. 18.
  246. Olson, B. Soldz, S., & Davis, M. (2008, January 29). The ethics of interrogation and the American Psychological Association: A critique of policy and process. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, vol. 3, #3. Retrieved January 30, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/yrlcpl
  247. Olson, B. (2006, Fall). Human rights and the ethics of psychologist-involved interrogations. Community Psyhologist, vol. 39, #4, pp. 55-57.
  248. Olson, B., & Stephen Soldz, S. (2007). Positive Illusions and the Necessity of a Bright Line Forbidding Psychologist Involvement in Detainee Interrogations. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0
  249. O'Reilly, K. B. (2007: dated December 17, released December 10). Future doctors flunk military medical ethics test. American Medical News, vol. 50, #47. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from
    http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2007/12/17/prsb1217.htm
  250. O'Reilly, K. B. (2009, May 7). Medical professionals involved in Guantanamo interrogations. American Medical News. Retrieved May 7, 2009, from http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2009/05/04/prsd0507.htm.
  251. Ornish, D. (2007, Oct 18). Tortured logic. Newsweek. Retrieved on October 20, 2007, from http://www.newsweek.com/id/56767
  252. Palpini, K. (2008, May 23). MHC Joins Outcry over Psychologists' Torture Role. Daily Hampshire Gazette. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?node=5578861
  253. Patel, N., & Roberts, R. (2007). Torture, psychology and the 'War on Terror': A human rights framework. In Just war: Psychology and terrorism. (pp. 74-108): PCCS Books: Ross-on-Wye.
  254. Pessin, A. (2005, July 1). Pentagon, Medical Journal in Dispute over Detainees. Voice of America. Retrieved July 5, 2005 from http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-07/Pentagon-and-Medical-Journal-in-Dispute-over-Detainees.cfm
  255. Petersen, H. D., & Rasmussen, O. V. (1992). Medical appraisal of allegations of torture and the involvement of doctors in torture. Forensic Science International, 53(1), 97-116.
  256. Physicians for Human Rights. (2009, May 5). "PHR Calls for Investigation of American Psychological Association's Ties to Pentagon; Newly released internal American Psychological Association documents indicate that the 2005 APA's ethics task force on national security interrogations developed its ethics policy to conform with Pentagon guidelines governing psychologist participation in interrogations." News release. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/cuu3y3
  257. Physicians for Human Rights. (2007, August 19). APA Condemns CIA Enhanced Interrogation Tactics. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/yt3yoj
  258. Physicians for Human Rights. (2007, December 14). Physicians for Human Rights call for investigations of health provider involvement in detainee abuse; Calls for APA to pass moratorium. Retrieved December 14, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/37b2d9
  259. Physicians for Human Rights. (2006, May 22). Physicians for Human Rights Commends Psychiatric Association for Prohibiting Member Participation in Detainee Interrogations. Retrieved June 4, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/yol88f
  260. Physicians for Human Rights. (2007, June 14). Physicians for Human Rights Letter to American Psychological Association Regarding Psychologists and Interrogations. Retrieved June 15, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/227xmc
  261. Physicians for Human Rights. (2005 July 15). Physicians for Human Rights Responds to the American Psychological Association's Recommendations on Torture and National Security. Regtrieved August 4, 2005, from http://tinyurl.com/ytsj8o
  262. Physicians for Human Rights. (2008, August 14). Physicians for Human Rights Urges American Psychological Association to Investigate Psychologists' Role in Torture: Letter to American Psychological Association President Alan Kazdan and American Psychological Association CEO & Vice-President Norman Anderson. Retrieved August 14,2008, from http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/letter-2008-08-14.html
  263. Physicians for Human Rights. (2007, August 6). Physicians for Human Rights Urges American Psychological Association to Prohibit CIA Tactics and End Psychologist Involvement in Interrogations. Retrieved August 20, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2hn33t
  264. Physicians for Human Rights. (2009, March 4). Statement for the Record to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee: “Getting to the Truth Through a Nonpartisan Commission of Inquiry.” Retrieved April 8, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/c7lofj
  265. Physicians for Human Rights and Human Rights First. (2007, August). Leave no marks: Enhanced interrogation techniques and the risk of criminality. Retrieved September 18, 2007, from http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/report-2007-08-02.html.
  266. Pipher, M. (2007, November 2). Psychologists and Abusive Interrogations: Acting on Conscience. Counterpunch. Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.counterpunch.org/pipher11022007.html
  267. Pope, Kenneth S. (2008, February 6). Why I Resigned from the American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from
    http://kspope.com/apa/index.php
  268. Pope, K. S., & Gutheil, T. G. (2009, May 1) "Contrasting Ethical Policies of Physicians and Psychologists Concerning Interrogation of Detainees." British Medical Journal. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from <http://tinyurl.com/dd96bj>
  269. Pope, K. S., & Gutheil, T. G. (2008). The American Psychological Association & Detainee Interrogations: Unanswered Questions. Psychiatric Times, vol. 25, #8. Retrieved July 20, 2008, from http://kspope.com/interrogation/detainee.php
  270. Pope, K. S., & Gutheil, T. G. (2008, September 1). Detainee Interrogations: American Psychological Association Counters, but Questions Remain. Psychiatric Times, vol. 25, #10, pp. 54, 58-59. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/1285473
  271. Psychologists for an Ethical APA (2008). Resolution & petition regarding psychologists & detainee interrogations. Retrieved April 28, 2008, from http://www.ethicalapa.com/referendumtext.html
  272. Psychologists for Social Responsibility (2008, January 12). Letter to Senator Mark Ridley-Thomas in support of SJR 19, a senate bill removing psychologists and physicians from participation in detainee interrogation.
  273. Psychologists for Social Responsibility. (2006, August 8). Press release: Psychologists for Social Responsibility Urges APA to Adopt Policy of “No Participation in National Security Interrogations.” Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://ethicalapa.com
    http://www.psysr.org/No Participation Policy_4.htm
  274. "Psychologists protest APA policy on torture." (2007, December 19). University of Rhode Island News Release. Retrieved December 20, 2007, from
    http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/?id=4258
  275. Ray, L. (2007, October). The Physician's Role in Modern Warfare: An Ethical Accounting.Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, vol. 9, #10. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from
    http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2007/10/fred1-0710.html
  276. Reisner, S. (2007, Winter). Ethical concerns about psychologists’ participation in interrogation of detainees. Psychologist-Psychoanalyst, pp. 23-29.
  277. Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security. (2005, June). Retrieved June 28, 2007, from www.apa.org/releases/PENSTaskForceReportFinal.pdf
  278. Ridley-Thomas, M. (2008, April 9). State senator's statement on his bill (SJR 19) to remove psychologists and physicians from participating in detainee interrogations. Retrieved April 9, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/4yyz26
  279. Rodriquez, M. (2007, December 1). Brehm addresses torture controversy; Former IU Bloomington chancellor discusses APA resolution. Bloomington [IN] Herald-Tribune.
  280. Rojas, A. (2008, April 5). State senator targets torture. Sacramento Bee, p. A4. Retrieved April 5, 2008, from http://www.sacbee.com/111/story/839030.html
  281. Rokke, D. L. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15, pp. 1571-1574. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  282. Roden-Molina, M. (2008, May 1). US Army psychologists, medics supported 'abusive' interrogations after 2003 ban: ACLU. The Jurist: Legal News & Research. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/05/us-army-psychologists-medics-supported.php
  283. Ross, C.A. (2007). Ethics of CIA and military contracting by psychiatrists and psychologists. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry: An International Journal of Critical Inquiry, 9(1), 25-34.
  284. Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2006, July 11). Resolution condemning psychiatric participation in the interrogation of detainees, whether in military or civilian settings. Annual Meeting 2006. Glasgow, Scotland. July 11, 2006. Available at http://tinyurl.com/3dyql5. Retrieved February 11, 2007, at http://tinyurl.com/3dyql5
  285. Rubenstein, L. S. (2009). Complicity and the illusion of beneficence. Chapter in Goodman, R. & Roseman, M.J. (Eds.). Interrogations, Forced Feedings, and the Role of Health Professionals: New Perspectives on International Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Ethics (Harvard Law School Human Rights Program series), pp. 49-71. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  286. Rubenstein, L. S. (2007). First, Do No Harm: Health Professionals and Guantánamo. Seton Hall Law Review, 37(3), 733-748.
  287. Rubenstein, L. S. (2004, June 2). Statement of Leonard Rubenstein, Executive Director, Physicians for Human Rights. Retrieved September 12, 2004, from
    http://www.aclu.org/intlhumanrights/gen/13796res20040602.html
  288. Rubenstein, L., Pross, C., Davidoff, F., & lacopino, V. (2005). Coercive U.S. Interrogation Policies: A Challenge to Medical Ethics. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 1544-1549.
  289. Saleton, W. (2009, April 20). Psychology and torture. Slate. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/dhhjyq
  290. Schutte, P. (1998). Medical confidentiality and detainees. Medicine & Law, 17(3), 351-357.
  291. Senders, V.L. (2007, December 19). Letter of resignation from the American Psychological Association. Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2mt5r8
  292. Sharfstein, S. (2006, July 8). American Psychiatric Association clarifies its position on human rights. British Medical Journal, vol. 333, pp. 97-98. Retrieved July 8, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/4gtbae
  293. Sharfstein, S. (2006). Caring Versus Coercion: Differences Are Clear. Psychiatric News, 41(8), 3-3.
  294. Sharfstein, S. (2005). Medical Ethics and the Detainees At Guantanamo Bay. Psychiatric News, 40(22), 3-3.
  295. Sharfstein, S. (2006). Presidential Address: Advocacy as Leadership. American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 163, #10, pp. 1711-1715. Retrieved November 12, 2006, from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/163/10/1711
  296. Sharfstein, S. (2005). Psychiatry Has Become Strategic Specialty. Psychiatric News, 40(21), 3-3.
  297. Sherman, N. (2007, Winter). From Nuremberg to Guantaìnamo: Medical Ethics Then and Now. Paper presented at Judgement at Nuremberg conference held at the Washington University School of Law in September 2006, and subsequently published in Dissent. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=720
  298. Sherman, N. (2006). Holding Doctors Responsible at Guantánamo. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 16(2), 199-203.
  299. Shinn, Marybeth. (2007, October 7). Open letter to the American Psychological Association President & Board of Directors Presenting Reasons for Resignation from APA. Retrieved October 7, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2mnnj8
  300. Singh, J. A. (2003). American physicians and dual loyalty obligations in the "war on terror". BMC Medical Ethics, 4, E4.
  301. Singh, J. A. (2007, December). Treating war detainees and terror suspects: Legal and ethical responsibilities of military physicians. Military Medicine, Vol 172(12, Supplement), pp. 15-21.
  302. Slevin P., & Stephens J. (2004, June 10) Detainees' medical files shared: Guantanamo interrogators' access criticized. Washington Post, p. A1. Retrieved June 10, 2004, from
    http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A29649-2004Jun9.html.
  303. Smith, M. (2006, May 22). APA: Stay Out Of Interrogations, Psychiatrists Urged. Medpage Today.
  304. Smith, M. H., & Brady, P. J. (2006, December). Changing the face of Abu Ghraib through mental health intervention: U.S. Army mental health team conducts debriefing with military policemen and Iraqi detainees. Military Medicine, 171(12), 1163-1166
  305. Smith, R. E. (2006). An Ethical Framework for Physician Involvement in Detainee Interrogations. Carlisle Barracks, P. A.: Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College.
  306. Sofair, A. M., & Lurie, P. G. (2004, November, 20). Military medicine and human rights. Lancet, Vol. 364, Issue 9448, p. 1851.
  307. Soldz, S. (2009, May 4). American Psychological Association ethics policy-maker endorses torture. Op Ed News. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/daretz
  308. Soldz, S. (2009, May 6). New article elucidates military psychologists' complicity in detainee abuse and "ethics" coverup. Op Ed News. Retrieved May 6, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/d9evbh
  309. Soldz, S. (2009). Closing Eyes to Atrocities: U.S. Psychologists, Detainee Interrogations, and the Response of the American Psychological Association.  Chapter in Goodman, R. & Roseman, M.J. (Eds.). Interrogations, Forced Feedings, and the Role of Health Professionals: New Perspectives on International Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Ethics (Harvard Law School Human Rights Program series), pp. 103-142. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/cc9yw4.
  310. Soldz, S. (2007, May 29). Defense Department Releases Evidence of Central Role of Psychologists in Guantanamo and Iraq Interrogation Abuse: Inspector General documents role of Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) techniques. ZNet. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/23o8nl
  311. Soldz, S. (2007, November 17). Leaked Guantanamo Document Confirms Routine Use of Isolation as Psychological Torture. Will APA Protest? OpEd News. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2xbefr
  312. Soldz, S. (2006, August 1). Psychologists, Guantanamo and Torture. Counterpunch. Retrieved October 6, 2007, from http://www.counterpunch.org/soldz08012006.html
  313. Soldz, S. (2007, May 29). Shrinks and the SERE Technique at Guantanamo: Pentagon IG Report Details Central Role of Psychologists in Detainee Interrogations and Abuse. Counterpunch. Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http://www.counterpunch.org/soldz05292007.html
  314. Soldz, S. (2007, December 5). Uwe Jacobs, a major moral voice in psychology, leaves the APA. Psyche, Science, & Society. Retrieved December 6, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2qv4ca
  315. Soldz, S., & Olson, B. (2008). Psychologists, Detainee Interrogations, and Torture:Varying Perspectives on Participation. In A. Ojeda (Ed.), The trauma of psychological torture. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  316. Soldz, S., & Olson, B. (2008, March 2) Reaction to the APA Vote on Sealing Up Key Loopholes in the 2007 Resolution on Interrogations. ZNet. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from
    http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/16711
  317. Soldz, S., Olson, B., Reisnet, S., Arrigo, J. M., & Welch, B. (2008). "Torture After Dark: Torture and the Strategic Helplessness of the American Psychological Association." Counterpunch. Retrieved July 23, 2008, from http://www.counterpunch.org/soldz07232008.html
  318. Solomon, M. Z. (2005). Healthcare professionals and dual loyalty: technical proficiency is not enough. MedGenMed, 7(3), 14.
  319. Spegele, B. (2007, November 30). Groups to question psych professor on torture policy; Critics: Psychologists should stay away from interrogations. Indiana Student Daily News. Retrieved November 30, 2007, from
    http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=46565&comview=1
  320. Spegele. B. (2007, December 3). Psychologists question torture policy. Indiana Student Daily News. Retrieved December 3, 2007, from
    http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=46579&comview=1
  321. Spencer, S. (2006, September 16). Unethical conduct. Lancet, Vol. 368, Issue 9540, p. 982.
  322. Spiegel, A. (2009, May 4). Military Psychologist Says Harsh Tactics Justified. NPR. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103787285
  323. Staal, M. A., & Stephenson, J. A. (2006). Operational Psychology: An Emerging Subdiscipline. Military Psychology, 18(4), 269-282.
  324. Steele, K. D., & Morlin, B. (2007, June 29). Senate probe focuses on Spokane men; Two Spokane psychologists are the focus of a congressional inquiry." Spokeman Review. Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://www.spokesmanreview.com/tools/story_breakingnews_pf.asp?ID=10496
  325. Stephenson, J. A., & Staal, M. A. (2007). An Ethical Decision-Making Model for Operational Psychology. Ethics & Behavior, 17(1), 61-82.
  326. Stokes, J. (2009, May 7). Secret American Psychological Association torture e-mail list not so secret anymore. Ars Technica. Retrieved May 7, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/d8wme6.
  327. Stone, A. (2005, December 16). Doctors and torture: First, do no harm. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved December 16, 2005, from http://tinyurl.com/39nqcu
  328. Stotland, N.L. (2008, December 18). Military Medical Ethics. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, #25, pp. 2728-2729. Retrieved December 18, 2008, from http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/25/2728
  329. Suedfeld, P. (2007). Torture, Interrogation, Security, and Psychology: Absolutistic versus Complex Thinking. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  330. Summers, F. (2007). Psychoanalysis, The American Psychological Association, and the Involvement Of Psychologists at Guantanamo Bay. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, vol. 12, pp. 83-92.
  331. Tanner, L. (2008, September 18). Psychologists vote against role in interrogation. Associated Press. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/4cgbv7
  332. Thanawala, S. (2007, August 19). Psychology group scuttles proposed ban on aiding interrogations. Associated Press.
  333. Thompson, S. K. (2005). A Place Where There is No Darkness?: Psychiatric Neuroimaging in the Interrogation of Foreign Detainees under US and International Law. Cornell Law Review, 90.
  334. Thompson, S. K. (2005). The legality of the use of psychiatric neuroimaging in intelligence interrogation. Cornell Law Review, 90(6), 1601.
  335. Thornburgh, N. (2007). Geneva Conventions 101: Why medical students need to learn a lot more about what constitutes torture. Time, vol.170, #19. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/2vfzqd
  336. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Principle 2 of the Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, Particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp40.htm.
  337. United States Department of Defense. (2006, June 6), DoD Instruction 2310.08E, "Medical Program Support for Detainee Operations." Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/231008.htm.
  338. Valtin. (2007, November 29). APA on the Road to Damascus? Op-Ed News. Retrieved December 3, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/34xo2k
  339. Vedantam, S. (2007, August 20). APA Rules on Interrogation Abuse; Psychologists' Group Bars Member Participation in Certain Techniques. Washington Post. Retrieved Augst 20, 2007, from http://tinyurl.com/3bbzcv
  340. Vedantam, S. (2005, November 14). Medical Experts Debate Role In Facilitating Interrogations. Washington Post, p. A19.
  341. Wagner, L.B. (2007, October 14). Letter to S.H. Benke, Director, APA Ethics Office. Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.withholdapadues.com
  342. Wang, Lee (2008, October 10). "A Shrink's Hippocratic Oath" Newsweek.com.  Video.  Producer/Director:
    Lee Wang. Studio: Newsweek Interactive. Retrieved October 10, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/63rbh7
  343. Warrick, J., & Finn, P. (2009, April 18). Psychologists Helped Guide Interrogations. Washington Post, p. A1. Retrieved April 18, 2009, from http://tinyurl.com/csnod9
  344. Wasti, S. A., & Bhatti, S. Z. (2006, April 8). Guantanamo: a call for action: Doctors should not treat detainees only to render them fit for further abuse. British Medical Journal, vol. 322, p. 855. Retrieved April 8, 2006, from http://tinyurl.com/49okbg
  345. Waugh, M. H. (2006). The Ethics, Practice, and Behavioral Science of Investigative Interviewing: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go After Abu Ghraib? PsycCRITIQUES, 51.
  346. Welch, Bryant J. (2009). The APA and torture: Actions tarnish all psychologists. National Psychologist, vol. 18, #6.
  347. Welch, Bryant J. (2008, Summer). Why did the American Psychological Association do it? Psychologist-Psychoanalyst, vol. XXVII, #3, pp. 6-10. Retrieved July 28, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/5c5sss
  348. Wilks, M, M. (2005). A stain on medical ethics. Lancet, 366(9487), 712.
  349. William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology -- Council of Fellows. (2007, December 17). Proclamation on Psychologists' and Other Professionals' Participation in Coercive Interrogation, Torture and Related Activities. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http://tinyurl.com/33r6tf
  350. Winkenwerer, W., Kiley, K. C., Arthur, D. C., Taylor, G. P. , Porr, D. R. (2004, October 7). Doctors and torture. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, #15. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/15/1571
  351. Woolf, L. M. (2007, September 1). Sad day for psychologists: Major blow against human rights. Counterpunch.
  352. World Medical Association. (2003). Resolution on the responsibility of physicians in the denunciation of acts of torture or cruel or inhuman or degrading treatment of which they are aware [adapted by the World Medical Association General Assembly in 2003]. Retrieved June 2, 2007, from http://www.wma.net/e/policy/t1.htm.
  353. Wright, S. L. (2007). Protecting the Right to Medical Treatment from the War on Terror. Journal of Legal Medicine, 28(1), 135-149.
  354. Wynia, M. K. (2007, August). Breaching confidentiality to protect the public: evolving standards of medical confidentiality for military detainees. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(8), 1-5.
  355. Xenakis, S. N. (2005, February 6). From the Medics, Unhealthy Silence. Washington Post, p. B4. Retrieved February 6, 2005, from http://tinyurl.com/6ja99
  356. Xenakis, S. N. (2007). More on: “Doctors Must Be Healers.” Seton Hall Law Review, 37(3), 703-710.
  357. Xenakis, S. N. (2008). No more: No torture, no exceptions. Washington Monthly. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2008/0801.torture.html
  358. Young, J. (2007, August 23). Pipher returns award in protest. Lincoln Journal-Star.
  359. Young, J. L. (2006). It's about the fundamentals. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34, 4, 479-481.
  360. Zagorin, A. (2007, May 31). Detainee abuse was well planned. Time. Retrieved September 8, 2007, from http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1627229,00.html.
  361. Zeller, Shawn. (2007, September 17). Torture Issue Ties Up Psychologists Association. Congressional Quarterly Weekly, p. 2656. Retrieved September 17, 2007, from http://public.cq.com/docs/cqw/weeklyreport110-000002585116.html
  362. Zimbardo, Philip G. (2007). PENS Commentary. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://division39.org/sec_com_pdfs/ZimbardoPENSCommentary.pdf
  363. Zimbardo, Philip G. (2007). Thoughts on Psychologists, Ethics, and the Use of Torture in Interrogations: Don't Ignore Varying Roles and Complexities. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from
    http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/asap/0/0.
  364. Zonana H. (2006). Torture and interrogations by psychiatrists. AAPL Newsletter. September, p 5.

 

[Back to Top]