Empathy in Clinical Training & Practice

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Empathy Resources for Therapists & Counselors

Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP

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The following references may help therapists, counselors, and other clinicians who wish to keep abreast of the research, theory, and related literature on empathy.

Although there is a massive literature on empathy, I've focused mainly on works concerned with empathy in clinical training and practice, and in other clinical contexts. This literature addresses such issues as:

I've also focused on recent (i.e., published in 2011 & 2012) works.

Articles on Empathy in Clinical Contexts:

  1. Achim, A. M., Ouellet, R., Roy, M. A., & Jackson, P. L. (2011). Assessment of empathy in first-episode psychosis and meta-analytic comparison with previous studies in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 190(1), 3-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.030

  2. Afghani, B., Besimanto, S., Amin, A., & Shapiro, J. (2011). Medical students' perspectives on clinical empathy training. Educ Health (Abingdon), 24(1), 544.

  3. Al Onazi, M., Al Jondeby, M., Azeem, M., & Al Sayyari, A. (2011). Factors affecting saudi hemodialysis patients' perception of healthcare providers' empathy. Arab J Nephrol Transplant, 4(2), 71-76.

  4. Aziz-Zadeh, L., Sheng, T., Liew, S. L., & Damasio, H. (2011). Understanding Otherness: The Neural Bases of Action Comprehension and Pain Empathy in a Congenital Amputee. Cereb Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr139

  5. Bandstra, N. F., Chambers, C. T., McGrath, P. J., & Moore, C. (2011). The behavioural expression of empathy to others' pain versus others' sadness in young children. Pain, 152(5), 1074-1082. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.024

  6. Barchia, Kirstin, & Bussey, Kay. (2011). Predictors of student defenders of peer aggression victims: Empathy and social cognitive factors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(4), 289-297. doi: 10.1177/0165025410396746

  7. Berg, K., Majdan, J. F., Berg, D., Veloski, J., & Hojat, M. (2011). Medical students' self-reported empathy and simulated patients' assessments of student empathy: an analysis by gender and ethnicity. Acad Med, 86(8), 984-988. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182224f1f

  8. Berg, K., Majdan, J. F., Berg, D., Veloski, J., & Hojat, M. (2011). A comparison of medical students' self-reported empathy with simulated patients' assessments of the students' empathy. Med Teach, 33(5), 388-391. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2010.530319

  9. Brazeau, C. M., Schroeder, R., Rovi, S., & Boyd, L. (2011). Relationship between medical student service and empathy. Acad Med, 86(10 Suppl), S42-45. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31822a6ae0

  10. Brockhouse, R., Msetfi, R. M., Cohen, K., & Joseph, S. (2011). Vicarious exposure to trauma and growth in therapists: The moderating effects of sense of coherence, organizational support, and empathy. J Trauma Stress, 24(6), 735-742. doi: 10.1002/jts.20704

  11. Brown, S., Harkins, L., & Beech, A. R. (2011). General and Victim-Specific Empathy: Associations With Actuarial Risk, Treatment Outcome, and Sexual Recidivism. Sex Abuse. doi: 10.1177/1079063211423944

  12. Brown, T., Boyle, M., Williams, B., Molloy, A., Palermo, C., McKenna, L., & Molloy, L. (2011). Predictors of empathy in health science students. J Allied Health, 40(3), 143-149.

  13. Bruns, F., & Frewer, A. (2011). Ethics consultation and empathy : finding the balance in clinical settings. HEC Forum, 23(4), 247-255. doi: 10.1007/s10730-011-9164-7

  14. Cikara, Mina, Bruneau, Emile G., & Saxe, Rebecca R. (2011). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 149-153. doi: 10.1177/0963721411408713

  15. Cikara, Mina, & Fiske, Susan T. (2011). Bounded empathy: Neural responses to outgroup targets? (mis)fortunes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(12), 3791-3803. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00069

  16. Cohen, M., Quintner, J., Buchanan, D., Nielsen, M., & Guy, L. (2011). Stigmatization of patients with chronic pain: the extinction of empathy. Pain Med, 12(11), 1637-1643. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01264.x

  17. Compton, M. T., Broussard, B., Hankerson-Dyson, D., Krishan, S., & Stewart-Hutto, T. (2011). Do empathy and psychological mindedness affect police officers' decision to enter crisis intervention team training?  Psychiatr Serv, 62(6), 632-638. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.62.6.632

  18. Cox, John L. (2011). Empathy, identity and engagement in person-centred medicine: The sociocultural context. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 350-353. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01580.x

  19. Dadds, M. R., Allen, J. L., Oliver, B. R., Faulkner, N., Legge, K., Moul, C., . . . Scott, S. (2011). Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy. Br J Psychiatry. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085720

  20. Day, A., Mohr, P., Howells, K., Gerace, A., & Lim, L. (2011). The Role of Empathy in Anger Arousal in Violent Offenders and University Students. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11431061

  21. de Greck, M., Scheidt, L., Bolter, A. F., Frommer, J., Ulrich, C., Stockum, E., . . . Northoff, G. (2011). Altered brain activity during emotional empathy in somatoform disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21392

  22. de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2011). Understanding deficits in empathy after traumatic brain injury: The role of affective responsivity. Cortex, 47(5), 526-535. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.02.004

  23. Dewi, F. D., Sudjana, G., & Oesman, Y. M. (2011). Patient satisfaction analysis on service quality of dental health care based on empathy and responsiveness. Dent Res J (Isfahan), 8(4), 172-177. doi: 10.4103/1735-3327.86032

  24. Dinkins, C. S. (2011). Ethics: beyond patient care: practicing empathy in the workplace. Online J Issues Nurs, 16(2), 11.

  25. Drwecki, B. B., Moore, C. F., Ward, S. E., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011). Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain, 152(5), 1001-1006. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.005

  26. Dziobek, I., Preissler, S., Grozdanovic, Z., Heuser, I., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2011). Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage, 57(2), 539-548. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.005

  27. Elliott, C. M., 2nd, Toomey, R. J., 3rd, Goodman, B. A., & Barbosa, P. (2012). Transformative learning: empathy and multicultural awareness in podiatric medical education. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 102(1), 39-46.

  28. Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 43-49. doi: 10.1037/a0022187

  29. Faver, Catherine A., & Alanis, Erika. (2011). Fostering empathy through stories: A pilot program for special needs adoptive families. Children and Youth Services Review, No Pagination Specified. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.12.012

  30. Faye, A., Kalra, G., Swamy, R., Shukla, A., Subramanyam, A., & Kamath, R. (2011). Study of emotional intelligence and empathy in medical postgraduates. Indian J Psychiatry, 53(2), 140-144. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.82541

  31. Fields, Sylvia K., Mahan, Pamela, Tillman, Paula, Harris, Jeffrey, Maxwell, Kaye, & Hojat, Mohammadreza. (2011). Measuring empathy in healthcare profession students using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Health provider – student version. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25(4), 287-293. doi: 10.3109/13561820.2011.566648

  32. Fjortoft, N., Van Winkle, L. J., & Hojat, M. (2011). Measuring empathy in pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ, 75(6), 109. doi: 10.5688/ajpe756109

  33. Gehrie, M. J. (2011). From archaic narcissism to empathy for the self: the evolution of new capacities in psychoanalysis. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 59(2), 313-334. doi: 10.1177/0003065111406269

  34. Gelhaus, P. (2011). The desired moral attitude of the physician: (I) empathy. Med Health Care Philos. doi: 10.1007/s11019-011-9366-4

  35. Gerdes, Karen E. (2011). Introduction: 21st-century conceptualizations of empathy: Implications for social work practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 226-229. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564024

  36. Gerdes, Karen E. (2011). Empathy, sympathy, and pity: 21st-century definitions and implications for practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 230-241. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564027

  37. Gerdes, K. E., & Segal, E. (2011). Importance of empathy for social work practice: integrating new science. Soc Work, 56(2), 141-148.

  38. Gerdes, Karen E., Segal, Elizabeth A., Jackson, Kelly F., & Mullins, Jennifer L. (2011). Teaching empathy: A framework rooted in social cognitive neuroscience and social justice. Journal of Social Work Education; 47(1), 109-131. doi: 10.5175/jswe.2011.200900085

  39. Gerschcovich, Eliana Roldan, Cerquetti, Daniel, Tenca, Eduardo, & Leiguarda, Ramon. (2011). The impact of bilateral cerebellar damage on theory of mind, empathy and decision making. Neurocase, 17(3), 270-275. doi: 10.1080/13554791003730618

  40. Gibbons, Susan B. (2011). Understanding empathy as a complex construct: A review of the literature. Clinical Social Work Journal, 39(3), 243-252. doi: 10.1007/s10615-010-0305-2

  41. Goldberg, A. (2011). The enduring presence of Heinz Kohut: empathy and its vicissitudes.  J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 59(2), 289-312. doi: 10.1177/0003065111406269

  42. Grady, M. D., & Rose, R. A. (2011). The empathy index: an evaluation of the psychometric properties of a new empathy measure for sex offenders. J Interpers Violence, 26(18), 3790-3814. doi: 10.1177/0886260511403755

  43. Grant, Donald, & Harari, Edwin. (2011). Empathy in psychoanalytic theory and practice. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512844

  44. Greenhawt, M. J., Green, T. D., Pistiner, M., & Mitchell, L. (2011). Empathy, understanding, and objectivity need to prevail for students with food allergies. [Editorial]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 107(2), 93-94. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.05.011

  45. Hazel, S. J., Signal, T. D., & Taylor, N. (2011). Can teaching veterinary and animal-science students about animal welfare affect their attitude toward animals and human-related empathy? J Vet Med Educ, 38(1), 74-83.

  46. Hill, A. (2011). Cultivating empathy--nursing's core. Nurs N Z, 17(8), 3.

  47. Hirvelä, Shari, & Helkama, Klaus. (2011). Empathy, values, morality and Asperger’s syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(6), 560-572. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00913.x

  48. Hojat, M., Louis, D. Z., Markham, F. W., Wender, R., Rabinowitz, C., & Gonnella, J. S. (2011). Physicians' empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med, 86(3), 359-364. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182086fe1

  49. Issner, J. B., Cano, A., Leonard, M. T., & Williams, A. M. (2012). How Do I Empathize With You? Let Me Count the Ways: Relations Between Facets of Pain-Related Empathy. J Pain. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.009

  50. Johnson, Dan R. (2012). Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 150-155. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.005

  51. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? J Adolesc, 34(1), 59-71. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.001

  52. Joy, M. (2011). Emollient empathy. Conn Med, 75(7), 410-411.

  53. Kitron, David. (2011). Empathy—The indispensable ingredient in the impossible profession. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31(1), 17-27. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512845

  54. Knopp, R. (2011). Empathy in 10 minutes: a medical oxymoron. Minn Med, 94(2), 28-29.

  55. Kommalage, M. (2011). Using videos to introduce clinical material: effects on empathy. Med Educ, 45(5), 514-515. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.03951.x

  56. Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage, 54(3), 2492-2502. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014

  57. Langdon, P. E., Murphy, G. H., Clare, I. C., Steverson, T., & Palmer, E. J. (2011). Relationships among moral reasoning, empathy, and distorted cognitions in men with intellectual disabilities and a history of criminal offending. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil, 116(6), 438-456. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.6.438

  58. Latham, L., Macdonald, A., Kimball, A. B., & Langley, R. G. (2011). Teaching empathy to undergraduate medical students using a temporary tattoo simulating psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.07.023

  59. Latimer, M., Jackson, P., Johnston, C., & Vine, J. (2011). Examining nurse empathy for infant procedural pain: Testing a new video measure. Pain Res Manag, 16(4), 228-233.

  60. Lelorain, S., Bredart, A., Dolbeault, S., & Sultan, S. (2012). A systematic review of the associations between empathy measures and patient outcomes in cancer care. Psychooncology. doi: 10.1002/pon.2115

  61. Lewis, M. A. (2011). Gain of function: empathy for the uncertain patient with cancer. J Clin Oncol, 29(22), 3103-3104. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.35.1122

  62. Lishner, D. A., Vitacco, M. J., Hong, P. Y., Mosley, J., Miska, K., & Stocks, E. L. (2011). Evaluating the Relation Between Psychopathy and Affective Empathy: Two Preliminary Studies. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11421891

  63. Maddox, Lucy, Lee, Deborah, & Barker, Chris. (2011). Police empathy and victim PTSD as potential factors in rape case attrition. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 26(2), 112-117. doi: 10.1007/s11896-010-9075-6

  64. Magalhaes, E., Salgueira, A. P., Costa, P., & Costa, M. J. (2011). Empathy in senior year and first year medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ, 11, 52. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-52

  65. Manolakis, M. L., Olin, J. L., Thornton, P. L., Dolder, C. R., & Hanrahan, C. (2011). A module on death and dying to develop empathy in student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ, 75(4), 71.

  66. Marlow, E., Nyamathi, A., Grajeda, W. T., Bailey, N., Weber, A., & Younger, J. (2011). Nonviolent Communication Training and Empathy in Male Parolees. J Correct Health Care. doi: 10.1177/1078345811420979

  67. Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (2011). Empathy and antisocial behaviour. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(5), 742-759. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2011.617544

  68. Masten, Carrie L., Morelli, Sylvia A., & Eisenberger, Naomi I. (2011). An fMRI investigation of empathy for 'social pain' and subsequent prosocial behavior. NeuroImage; 55(1), 381-388. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.060

  69. Maurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noel, X., Joassin, F., Philippot, P., Hanak, C., . . . Campanella, S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: a specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 35(9), 1662-1668. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01512.x

  70. McDevitt, Patrick J. (2011). Priests as victims of childhood sexual abuse: The effects of disclosure on empathy. Pastoral Psychology, 60(5), 681-691. doi: 10.1007/s11089-011-0345-8

  71. McGarry, Lucy M., & Russo, Frank A. (2011). Mirroring in dance/movement therapy: Potential mechanisms behind empathy enhancement. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 38(3), 178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2011.04.005

  72. McGrath, Marianne P., & Zook, Joan M. (2011). Maternal control of girls versus boys: Relations to empathy and persuasive style with peers. Journal of Child and Family, 20(1), 57-65. doi: 10.1007/s10826-010-9377-4

  73. McHenry, M., Parker, P. A., Baile, W. F., & Lenzi, R. (2011). Voice analysis during bad news discussion in oncology: reduced pitch, decreased speaking rate, and nonverbal communication of empathy. Support Care Cancer. doi: 10.1007/s00520-011-1187-8

  74. McKenna, L., Boyle, M., Brown, T., Williams, B., Molloy, A., Lewis, B., & Molloy, L. (2011). Levels of empathy in undergraduate midwifery students: an Australian cross-sectional study. Women Birth, 24(2), 80-84. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2011.02.003

  75. McMillan, L. R., & Shannon, D. M. (2011). Psychometric Analysis of the JSPE Nursing Student Version R: Comparison of Senior BSN Students and Medical Students Attitudes toward Empathy in Patient Care. ISRN Nurs, 2011, 726063. doi: 10.5402/2011/726063

  76. Miklikowska, M., Duriez, B., & Soenens, B. (2011). Family roots of empathy-related characteristics: the role of perceived maternal and paternal need support in adolescence. Dev Psychol, 47(5), 1342-1352. doi: 10.1037/a0024726

  77. Moriwaki, Aiko, Ito, Ryoko, & Fujino, Hiroshi. (2011). Characteristics of empathy for friendship in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Japanese Journal of Special Education, 48(6), 593-604.

  78. Mullins, Jennifer L. (2011). A framework for cultivating and increasing child welfare workers' empathy toward parents. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 242-253. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564030

  79. Munoz, L. C., Qualter, P., & Padgett, G. (2011). Empathy and bullying: exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 42(2), 183-196. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1

  80. Muñoz, Luna C., Qualter, Pamela, & Padgett, Gemma. (2011). Empathy and bullying: Exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42(2), 183-196. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1

  81. Nambisan, P. (2011). Information seeking and social support in online health communities: impact on patients' perceived empathy. [Multicenter Study]. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 18(3), 298-304. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2010-000058

  82. Neumann, M., Bensing, J., Wirtz, M., Wubker, A., Scheffer, C., Tauschel, D., . . . Pfaff, H. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on physician empathy: a study from the perspective of patients with private and statutory health insurance. Patient Educ Couns, 84(2), 208-216. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.012

  83. Neumann, Melanie, Bensing, Jozien, Wirtz, Markus, Wübker, Ansgar, Scheffer, Christian, Tauschel, Diethard, . . . Pfaff, Holger. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on physician empathy: A study from the perspective of patients with private and statutory health insurance. Patient Education and Counseling, 84(2), 208-216. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.012

  84. Neumann, M., Edelhauser, F., Tauschel, D., Fischer, M. R., Wirtz, M., Woopen, C., . . . Scheffer, C. (2011). Empathy decline and its reasons: a systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Acad Med, 86(8), 996-1009. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318221e615

  85. Nguyen, A. B., Clark, T. T., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2011). Empathy and drug use behaviors among African-American adolescents. J Drug Educ, 41(3), 289-308.

  86. Osman, Suzanne L. (2011). Predicting rape empathy based on victim, perpetrator, and participant gender, and history of sexual aggression. Sex Roles, 64(7-8), 506-515. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9919-7

  87. Padilla-Walker, Laura M., & Christensen, Katherine J. (2011). Empathy and self-regulation as mediators between parenting and adolescents' prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 545-551. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00695.x

  88. Passalacqua, S. A., & Segrin, C. (2011). The Effect of Resident Physician Stress, Burnout, and Empathy on Patient-Centered Communication During the Long-Call Shift. Health Commun. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.606527

  89. Pickard, Hanna. (2011). Responsibility without blame: Empathy and the effective treatment of personality disorder. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 18(3), 209-223.

  90. Pollak, K. I., Alexander, S. C., Tulsky, J. A., Lyna, P., Coffman, C. J., Dolor, R. J., . . . Ostbye, T. (2011). Physician empathy and listening: associations with patient satisfaction and autonomy. J Am Board Fam Med, 24(6), 665-672. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2011.06.110025

  91. Quince, T. A., Parker, R. A., Wood, D. F., & Benson, J. A. (2011). Stability of empathy among undergraduate medical students: a longitudinal study at one UK medical school. BMC Med Educ, 11, 90. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-90

  92. Rakel, D., Barrett, B., Zhang, Z., Hoeft, T., Chewning, B., Marchand, L., & Scheder, J. (2011). Perception of empathy in the therapeutic encounter: effects on the common cold.  Patient Educ Couns, 85(3), 390-397. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.009

  93. Riess, H., Kelley, J. M., Bailey, R., Konowitz, P. M., & Gray, S. T. (2011). Improving empathy and relational skills in otolaryngology residents: a pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 144(1), 120-122. doi: 10.1177/0194599810390897

  94. Ritter, Kathrin, Dziobek, Isabel, Preißler, Sandra, Rüter, Anke, Vater, Aline, Fydrich, Thomas, . . . Roepke, Stefan. (2011). Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2), 241-247. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.013

  95. Roche, Michael J., Shoss, Naomi E., Pincus, Aaron L., & Ménard, Kim S. (2011). Psychopathy moderates the relationship between time in treatment and levels of empathy in incarcerated male sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(2), 171-192. doi: 10.1177/1079063211403161

  96. Roldan Gerschcovich, E., Cerquetti, D., Tenca, E., & Leiguarda, R. (2011). The impact of bilateral cerebellar damage on theory of mind, empathy and decision making. Neurocase, 17(3), 270-275. doi: 10.1080/13554791003730618

  97. Rooney, H. L. (2011). The home care agency of the future: empathy, innovation, execution. Caring, 30(2), 42-47.

  98. Rosenthal, S., Howard, B., Schlussel, Y. R., Herrigel, D., Smolarz, B. G., Gable, B., . . . Kaufman, M. (2011). Humanism at heart: preserving empathy in third-year medical students. Acad Med, 86(3), 350-358. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318209897f

  99. Roth-Hanania, R., Davidov, M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2011). Empathy development from 8 to 16 months: early signs of concern for others. Infant Behav Dev, 34(3), 447-458. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.04.007

  100. Salladay, S. A. (2011). Ethics and empathy (part one). J Christ Nurs, 28(1), 11.

  101. Salladay, S. A. (2011). Ethics and empathy (part two). J Christ Nurs, 28(2), 74.

  102. Schulte-Ruther, M., Greimel, E., Markowitsch, H. J., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Fink, G. R., & Piefke, M. (2011). Dysfunctions in brain networks supporting empathy: an fMRI study in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Soc Neurosci, 6(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1080/17470911003708032

  103. Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Greimel, Ellen, Markowitsch, Hans J., Kamp-Becker, Inge, Remschmidt, Helmut, Fink, Gereon R., & Piefke, Martina. (2011). Dysfunctions in brain networks supporting empathy: An fMRI study in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Social Neuroscience;Social Neuroscience, 6(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1080/17470911003708032

  104. Schwenck, C., Mergenthaler, J., Keller, K., Zech, J., Salehi, S., Taurines, R., . . . Freitag, C. M. (2011). Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: group-specific profiles and developmental aspects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02499.x

  105. Sealy, P. (2011). The power of empathy. Can Nurse, 107(8), 30-31.

  106. Seara-Cardoso, Ana, Neumann, Craig, Roiser, Jonathan, McCrory, Eamon, & Viding, Essi. (2012). Investigating associations between empathy, morality and psychopathic personality traits in the general population. Personality and Individual Differences;Personality and Individual Differences, 52(1), 67-71. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.029

  107. Sheldon, L. K. (2011). An evidence-based communication skills training programme for oncology nurses improves patient-centred communication, enhancing empathy, reassurance and discussion of psychosocial needs.  Evid Based Nurs, 14(3), 87-88. doi: 10.1136/ebn1156

  108. Shen, L. (2011). The effectiveness of empathy- versus fear-arousing antismoking PSAs. Health Commun, 26(5), 404-415. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.552480

  109. Shikishima, Chizuru, Hiraishi, Kai, Yamagata, Shinji, & Ando, Juko. (2011). Factors affecting the formation of empathy: A gene-environment interaction model. [Factors affecting the formation of empathy: A gene-environment interaction model.]. The Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 26(3), 188-201.

  110. Smajdor, A., Stockl, A., & Salter, C. (2011). The limits of empathy: problems in medical education and practice. J Med Ethics, 37(6), 380-383. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.039628

  111. Smajdor, Anna, Stöckl, Andrea, & Salter, Charlotte. (2011). The limits of empathy: Problems in medical education and practice. Journal of Medical Ethics: Journal of the Institute of Medical Ethics, 37(6), 380-383. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.039628

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