home » empathy
Empathy Resources for Therapists & Counselors
PLEASE NOTE: This site is designed to be fully accessible for people with disabilities; please follow this link to change text size, color, or contrast; please follow this link for other accessibility functions for those with visual, mobility, and other disabilities.
The following references may help therapists, counselors, and other clinicians who wish to keep abreast of the research, theory, and related literature on empathy.
Although there is a massive literature on empathy, I've focused mainly on works concerned with empathy in clinical training and practice, and in other clinical contexts. This literature addresses such issues as:
- whether clinicians become less empathetic during their training
- attempts to nurture clinicians' empathy or at least empathetic responses
- the relation of empathy to various conditions such as Aspergers or depression
- how clinician empathy is related to therapy outcome
I've also focused on recent (i.e., published in 2011 & 2012) works.
Articles on Empathy in Clinical Contexts:
- Achim, A. M., Ouellet, R., Roy, M. A., & Jackson, P. L. (2011). Assessment of empathy in first-episode psychosis and meta-analytic comparison with previous studies in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 190(1), 3-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.030
- Afghani, B., Besimanto, S., Amin, A., & Shapiro, J. (2011). Medical students' perspectives on clinical empathy training. Educ Health (Abingdon), 24(1), 544.
- Al Onazi, M., Al Jondeby, M., Azeem, M., & Al Sayyari, A. (2011). Factors affecting saudi hemodialysis patients' perception of healthcare providers' empathy. Arab J Nephrol Transplant, 4(2), 71-76.
- Aziz-Zadeh, L., Sheng, T., Liew, S. L., & Damasio, H. (2011). Understanding Otherness: The Neural Bases of Action Comprehension and Pain Empathy in a Congenital Amputee. Cereb Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr139
- Bandstra, N. F., Chambers, C. T., McGrath, P. J., & Moore, C. (2011). The behavioural expression of empathy to others' pain versus others' sadness in young children. Pain, 152(5), 1074-1082. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.024
- Barchia, Kirstin, & Bussey, Kay. (2011). Predictors of student defenders of peer aggression victims: Empathy and social cognitive factors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(4), 289-297. doi: 10.1177/0165025410396746
- Berg, K., Majdan, J. F., Berg, D., Veloski, J., & Hojat, M. (2011). Medical students' self-reported empathy and simulated patients' assessments of student empathy: an analysis by gender and ethnicity. Acad Med, 86(8), 984-988. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182224f1f
- Berg, K., Majdan, J. F., Berg, D., Veloski, J., & Hojat, M. (2011). A comparison of medical students' self-reported empathy with simulated patients' assessments of the students' empathy. Med Teach, 33(5), 388-391. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2010.530319
- Brazeau, C. M., Schroeder, R., Rovi, S., & Boyd, L. (2011). Relationship between medical student service and empathy. Acad Med, 86(10 Suppl), S42-45. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31822a6ae0
- Brockhouse, R., Msetfi, R. M., Cohen, K., & Joseph, S. (2011). Vicarious exposure to trauma and growth in therapists: The moderating effects of sense of coherence, organizational support, and empathy. J Trauma Stress, 24(6), 735-742. doi: 10.1002/jts.20704
- Brown, S., Harkins, L., & Beech, A. R. (2011). General and Victim-Specific Empathy: Associations With Actuarial Risk, Treatment Outcome, and Sexual Recidivism. Sex Abuse. doi: 10.1177/1079063211423944
- Brown, T., Boyle, M., Williams, B., Molloy, A., Palermo, C., McKenna, L., & Molloy, L. (2011). Predictors of empathy in health science students. J Allied Health, 40(3), 143-149.
- Bruns, F., & Frewer, A. (2011). Ethics consultation and empathy : finding the balance in clinical settings. HEC Forum, 23(4), 247-255. doi: 10.1007/s10730-011-9164-7
- Cikara, Mina, Bruneau, Emile G., & Saxe, Rebecca R. (2011). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 149-153. doi: 10.1177/0963721411408713
- Cikara, Mina, & Fiske, Susan T. (2011). Bounded empathy: Neural responses to outgroup targets? (mis)fortunes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(12), 3791-3803. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00069
- Cohen, M., Quintner, J., Buchanan, D., Nielsen, M., & Guy, L. (2011). Stigmatization of patients with chronic pain: the extinction of empathy. Pain Med, 12(11), 1637-1643. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01264.x
- Compton, M. T., Broussard, B., Hankerson-Dyson, D., Krishan, S., & Stewart-Hutto, T. (2011). Do empathy and psychological mindedness affect police officers' decision to enter crisis intervention team training? Psychiatr Serv, 62(6), 632-638. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.62.6.632
- Cox, John L. (2011). Empathy, identity and engagement in person-centred medicine: The sociocultural context. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 350-353. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01580.x
- Dadds, M. R., Allen, J. L., Oliver, B. R., Faulkner, N., Legge, K., Moul, C., . . . Scott, S. (2011). Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy. Br J Psychiatry. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085720
- Day, A., Mohr, P., Howells, K., Gerace, A., & Lim, L. (2011). The Role of Empathy in Anger Arousal in Violent Offenders and University Students. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11431061
- de Greck, M., Scheidt, L., Bolter, A. F., Frommer, J., Ulrich, C., Stockum, E., . . . Northoff, G. (2011). Altered brain activity during emotional empathy in somatoform disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21392
- de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2011). Understanding deficits in empathy after traumatic brain injury: The role of affective responsivity. Cortex, 47(5), 526-535. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.02.004
- Dewi, F. D., Sudjana, G., & Oesman, Y. M. (2011). Patient satisfaction analysis on service quality of dental health care based on empathy and responsiveness. Dent Res J (Isfahan), 8(4), 172-177. doi: 10.4103/1735-3327.86032
- Dinkins, C. S. (2011). Ethics: beyond patient care: practicing empathy in the workplace. Online J Issues Nurs, 16(2), 11.
- Drwecki, B. B., Moore, C. F., Ward, S. E., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011). Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain, 152(5), 1001-1006. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.005
- Dziobek, I., Preissler, S., Grozdanovic, Z., Heuser, I., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2011). Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage, 57(2), 539-548. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.005
- Elliott, C. M., 2nd, Toomey, R. J., 3rd, Goodman, B. A., & Barbosa, P. (2012). Transformative learning: empathy and multicultural awareness in podiatric medical education. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 102(1), 39-46.
- Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 43-49. doi: 10.1037/a0022187
- Faver, Catherine A., & Alanis, Erika. (2011). Fostering empathy through stories: A pilot program for special needs adoptive families. Children and Youth Services Review, No Pagination Specified. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.12.012
- Faye, A., Kalra, G., Swamy, R., Shukla, A., Subramanyam, A., & Kamath, R. (2011). Study of emotional intelligence and empathy in medical postgraduates. Indian J Psychiatry, 53(2), 140-144. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.82541
- Fields, Sylvia K., Mahan, Pamela, Tillman, Paula, Harris, Jeffrey, Maxwell, Kaye, & Hojat, Mohammadreza. (2011). Measuring empathy in healthcare profession students using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Health provider – student version. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25(4), 287-293. doi: 10.3109/13561820.2011.566648
- Fjortoft, N., Van Winkle, L. J., & Hojat, M. (2011). Measuring empathy in pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ, 75(6), 109. doi: 10.5688/ajpe756109
- Gehrie, M. J. (2011). From archaic narcissism to empathy for the self: the evolution of new capacities in psychoanalysis. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 59(2), 313-334. doi: 10.1177/0003065111406269
- Gelhaus, P. (2011). The desired moral attitude of the physician: (I) empathy. Med Health Care Philos. doi: 10.1007/s11019-011-9366-4
- Gerdes, Karen E. (2011). Introduction: 21st-century conceptualizations of empathy: Implications for social work practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 226-229. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564024
- Gerdes, Karen E. (2011). Empathy, sympathy, and pity: 21st-century definitions and implications for practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 230-241. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564027
- Gerdes, K. E., & Segal, E. (2011). Importance of empathy for social work practice: integrating new science. Soc Work, 56(2), 141-148.
- Gerdes, Karen E., Segal, Elizabeth A., Jackson, Kelly F., & Mullins, Jennifer L. (2011). Teaching empathy: A framework rooted in social cognitive neuroscience and social justice. Journal of Social Work Education; 47(1), 109-131. doi: 10.5175/jswe.2011.200900085
- Gerschcovich, Eliana Roldan, Cerquetti, Daniel, Tenca, Eduardo, & Leiguarda, Ramon. (2011). The impact of bilateral cerebellar damage on theory of mind, empathy and decision making. Neurocase, 17(3), 270-275. doi: 10.1080/13554791003730618
- Gibbons, Susan B. (2011). Understanding empathy as a complex construct: A review of the literature. Clinical Social Work Journal, 39(3), 243-252. doi: 10.1007/s10615-010-0305-2
- Goldberg, A. (2011). The enduring presence of Heinz Kohut: empathy and its vicissitudes. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 59(2), 289-312. doi: 10.1177/0003065111406269
- Grady, M. D., & Rose, R. A. (2011). The empathy index: an evaluation of the psychometric properties of a new empathy measure for sex offenders. J Interpers Violence, 26(18), 3790-3814. doi: 10.1177/0886260511403755
- Grant, Donald, & Harari, Edwin. (2011). Empathy in psychoanalytic theory and practice. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512844
- Greenhawt, M. J., Green, T. D., Pistiner, M., & Mitchell, L. (2011). Empathy, understanding, and objectivity need to prevail for students with food allergies. [Editorial]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 107(2), 93-94. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.05.011
- Hazel, S. J., Signal, T. D., & Taylor, N. (2011). Can teaching veterinary and animal-science students about animal welfare affect their attitude toward animals and human-related empathy? J Vet Med Educ, 38(1), 74-83.
- Hill, A. (2011). Cultivating empathy--nursing's core. Nurs N Z, 17(8), 3.
- Hirvelä, Shari, & Helkama, Klaus. (2011). Empathy, values, morality and Asperger’s syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(6), 560-572. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00913.x
- Hojat, M., Louis, D. Z., Markham, F. W., Wender, R., Rabinowitz, C., & Gonnella, J. S. (2011). Physicians' empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med, 86(3), 359-364. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182086fe1
- Issner, J. B., Cano, A., Leonard, M. T., & Williams, A. M. (2012). How Do I Empathize With You? Let Me Count the Ways: Relations Between Facets of Pain-Related Empathy. J Pain. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.009
- Johnson, Dan R. (2012). Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 150-155. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.005
- Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? J Adolesc, 34(1), 59-71. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.001
- Joy, M. (2011). Emollient empathy. Conn Med, 75(7), 410-411.
- Kitron, David. (2011). Empathy—The indispensable ingredient in the impossible profession. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31(1), 17-27. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512845
- Knopp, R. (2011). Empathy in 10 minutes: a medical oxymoron. Minn Med, 94(2), 28-29.
- Kommalage, M. (2011). Using videos to introduce clinical material: effects on empathy. Med Educ, 45(5), 514-515. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.03951.x
- Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage, 54(3), 2492-2502. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014
- Langdon, P. E., Murphy, G. H., Clare, I. C., Steverson, T., & Palmer, E. J. (2011). Relationships among moral reasoning, empathy, and distorted cognitions in men with intellectual disabilities and a history of criminal offending. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil, 116(6), 438-456. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.6.438
- Latham, L., Macdonald, A., Kimball, A. B., & Langley, R. G. (2011). Teaching empathy to undergraduate medical students using a temporary tattoo simulating psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.07.023
- Latimer, M., Jackson, P., Johnston, C., & Vine, J. (2011). Examining nurse empathy for infant procedural pain: Testing a new video measure. Pain Res Manag, 16(4), 228-233.
- Lelorain, S., Bredart, A., Dolbeault, S., & Sultan, S. (2012). A systematic review of the associations between empathy measures and patient outcomes in cancer care. Psychooncology. doi: 10.1002/pon.2115
- Lewis, M. A. (2011). Gain of function: empathy for the uncertain patient with cancer. J Clin Oncol, 29(22), 3103-3104. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.35.1122
- Lishner, D. A., Vitacco, M. J., Hong, P. Y., Mosley, J., Miska, K., & Stocks, E. L. (2011). Evaluating the Relation Between Psychopathy and Affective Empathy: Two Preliminary Studies. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11421891
- Maddox, Lucy, Lee, Deborah, & Barker, Chris. (2011). Police empathy and victim PTSD as potential factors in rape case attrition. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 26(2), 112-117. doi: 10.1007/s11896-010-9075-6
- Magalhaes, E., Salgueira, A. P., Costa, P., & Costa, M. J. (2011). Empathy in senior year and first year medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ, 11, 52. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-52
- Manolakis, M. L., Olin, J. L., Thornton, P. L., Dolder, C. R., & Hanrahan, C. (2011). A module on death and dying to develop empathy in student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ, 75(4), 71.
- Marlow, E., Nyamathi, A., Grajeda, W. T., Bailey, N., Weber, A., & Younger, J. (2011). Nonviolent Communication Training and Empathy in Male Parolees. J Correct Health Care. doi: 10.1177/1078345811420979
- Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (2011). Empathy and antisocial behaviour. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(5), 742-759. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2011.617544
- Masten, Carrie L., Morelli, Sylvia A., & Eisenberger, Naomi I. (2011). An fMRI investigation of empathy for 'social pain' and subsequent prosocial behavior. NeuroImage; 55(1), 381-388. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.060
- Maurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noel, X., Joassin, F., Philippot, P., Hanak, C., . . . Campanella, S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: a specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 35(9), 1662-1668. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01512.x
- McDevitt, Patrick J. (2011). Priests as victims of childhood sexual abuse: The effects of disclosure on empathy. Pastoral Psychology, 60(5), 681-691. doi: 10.1007/s11089-011-0345-8
- McGarry, Lucy M., & Russo, Frank A. (2011). Mirroring in dance/movement therapy: Potential mechanisms behind empathy enhancement. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 38(3), 178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2011.04.005
- McGrath, Marianne P., & Zook, Joan M. (2011). Maternal control of girls versus boys: Relations to empathy and persuasive style with peers. Journal of Child and Family, 20(1), 57-65. doi: 10.1007/s10826-010-9377-4
- McHenry, M., Parker, P. A., Baile, W. F., & Lenzi, R. (2011). Voice analysis during bad news discussion in oncology: reduced pitch, decreased speaking rate, and nonverbal communication of empathy. Support Care Cancer. doi: 10.1007/s00520-011-1187-8
- McKenna, L., Boyle, M., Brown, T., Williams, B., Molloy, A., Lewis, B., & Molloy, L. (2011). Levels of empathy in undergraduate midwifery students: an Australian cross-sectional study. Women Birth, 24(2), 80-84. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2011.02.003
- McMillan, L. R., & Shannon, D. M. (2011). Psychometric Analysis of the JSPE Nursing Student Version R: Comparison of Senior BSN Students and Medical Students Attitudes toward Empathy in Patient Care. ISRN Nurs, 2011, 726063. doi: 10.5402/2011/726063
- Miklikowska, M., Duriez, B., & Soenens, B. (2011). Family roots of empathy-related characteristics: the role of perceived maternal and paternal need support in adolescence. Dev Psychol, 47(5), 1342-1352. doi: 10.1037/a0024726
- Moriwaki, Aiko, Ito, Ryoko, & Fujino, Hiroshi. (2011). Characteristics of empathy for friendship in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Japanese Journal of Special Education, 48(6), 593-604.
- Mullins, Jennifer L. (2011). A framework for cultivating and increasing child welfare workers' empathy toward parents. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 242-253. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564030
- Munoz, L. C., Qualter, P., & Padgett, G. (2011). Empathy and bullying: exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 42(2), 183-196. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1
- Muñoz, Luna C., Qualter, Pamela, & Padgett, Gemma. (2011). Empathy and bullying: Exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42(2), 183-196. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1
- Nambisan, P. (2011). Information seeking and social support in online health communities: impact on patients' perceived empathy. [Multicenter Study]. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 18(3), 298-304. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2010-000058
- Neumann, M., Bensing, J., Wirtz, M., Wubker, A., Scheffer, C., Tauschel, D., . . . Pfaff, H. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on physician empathy: a study from the perspective of patients with private and statutory health insurance. Patient Educ Couns, 84(2), 208-216. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.012
- Neumann, Melanie, Bensing, Jozien, Wirtz, Markus, Wübker, Ansgar, Scheffer, Christian, Tauschel, Diethard, . . . Pfaff, Holger. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on physician empathy: A study from the perspective of patients with private and statutory health insurance. Patient Education and Counseling, 84(2), 208-216. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.012
- Neumann, M., Edelhauser, F., Tauschel, D., Fischer, M. R., Wirtz, M., Woopen, C., . . . Scheffer, C. (2011). Empathy decline and its reasons: a systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Acad Med, 86(8), 996-1009. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318221e615
- Nguyen, A. B., Clark, T. T., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2011). Empathy and drug use behaviors among African-American adolescents. J Drug Educ, 41(3), 289-308.
- Osman, Suzanne L. (2011). Predicting rape empathy based on victim, perpetrator, and participant gender, and history of sexual aggression. Sex Roles, 64(7-8), 506-515. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9919-7
- Padilla-Walker, Laura M., & Christensen, Katherine J. (2011). Empathy and self-regulation as mediators between parenting and adolescents' prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 545-551. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00695.x
- Passalacqua, S. A., & Segrin, C. (2011). The Effect of Resident Physician Stress, Burnout, and Empathy on Patient-Centered Communication During the Long-Call Shift. Health Commun. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.606527
- Pickard, Hanna. (2011). Responsibility without blame: Empathy and the effective treatment of personality disorder. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 18(3), 209-223.
- Pollak, K. I., Alexander, S. C., Tulsky, J. A., Lyna, P., Coffman, C. J., Dolor, R. J., . . . Ostbye, T. (2011). Physician empathy and listening: associations with patient satisfaction and autonomy. J Am Board Fam Med, 24(6), 665-672. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2011.06.110025
- Quince, T. A., Parker, R. A., Wood, D. F., & Benson, J. A. (2011). Stability of empathy among undergraduate medical students: a longitudinal study at one UK medical school. BMC Med Educ, 11, 90. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-90
- Rakel, D., Barrett, B., Zhang, Z., Hoeft, T., Chewning, B., Marchand, L., & Scheder, J. (2011). Perception of empathy in the therapeutic encounter: effects on the common cold. Patient Educ Couns, 85(3), 390-397. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.009
- Riess, H., Kelley, J. M., Bailey, R., Konowitz, P. M., & Gray, S. T. (2011). Improving empathy and relational skills in otolaryngology residents: a pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 144(1), 120-122. doi: 10.1177/0194599810390897
- Ritter, Kathrin, Dziobek, Isabel, Preißler, Sandra, Rüter, Anke, Vater, Aline, Fydrich, Thomas, . . . Roepke, Stefan. (2011). Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2), 241-247. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.013
- Roche, Michael J., Shoss, Naomi E., Pincus, Aaron L., & Ménard, Kim S. (2011). Psychopathy moderates the relationship between time in treatment and levels of empathy in incarcerated male sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(2), 171-192. doi: 10.1177/1079063211403161
- Roldan Gerschcovich, E., Cerquetti, D., Tenca, E., & Leiguarda, R. (2011). The impact of bilateral cerebellar damage on theory of mind, empathy and decision making. Neurocase, 17(3), 270-275. doi: 10.1080/13554791003730618
- Rooney, H. L. (2011). The home care agency of the future: empathy, innovation, execution. Caring, 30(2), 42-47.
- Rosenthal, S., Howard, B., Schlussel, Y. R., Herrigel, D., Smolarz, B. G., Gable, B., . . . Kaufman, M. (2011). Humanism at heart: preserving empathy in third-year medical students. Acad Med, 86(3), 350-358. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318209897f
- Roth-Hanania, R., Davidov, M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2011). Empathy development from 8 to 16 months: early signs of concern for others. Infant Behav Dev, 34(3), 447-458. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.04.007
- Salladay, S. A. (2011). Ethics and empathy (part one). J Christ Nurs, 28(1), 11.
- Salladay, S. A. (2011). Ethics and empathy (part two). J Christ Nurs, 28(2), 74.
- Schulte-Ruther, M., Greimel, E., Markowitsch, H. J., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Fink, G. R., & Piefke, M. (2011). Dysfunctions in brain networks supporting empathy: an fMRI study in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Soc Neurosci, 6(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1080/17470911003708032
- Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Greimel, Ellen, Markowitsch, Hans J., Kamp-Becker, Inge, Remschmidt, Helmut, Fink, Gereon R., & Piefke, Martina. (2011). Dysfunctions in brain networks supporting empathy: An fMRI study in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Social Neuroscience;Social Neuroscience, 6(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1080/17470911003708032
- Schwenck, C., Mergenthaler, J., Keller, K., Zech, J., Salehi, S., Taurines, R., . . . Freitag, C. M. (2011). Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: group-specific profiles and developmental aspects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02499.x
- Sealy, P. (2011). The power of empathy. Can Nurse, 107(8), 30-31.
- Seara-Cardoso, Ana, Neumann, Craig, Roiser, Jonathan, McCrory, Eamon, & Viding, Essi. (2012). Investigating associations between empathy, morality and psychopathic personality traits in the general population. Personality and Individual Differences;Personality and Individual Differences, 52(1), 67-71. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.029
- Sheldon, L. K. (2011). An evidence-based communication skills training programme for oncology nurses improves patient-centred communication, enhancing empathy, reassurance and discussion of psychosocial needs. Evid Based Nurs, 14(3), 87-88. doi: 10.1136/ebn1156
- Shen, L. (2011). The effectiveness of empathy- versus fear-arousing antismoking PSAs. Health Commun, 26(5), 404-415. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.552480
- Shikishima, Chizuru, Hiraishi, Kai, Yamagata, Shinji, & Ando, Juko. (2011). Factors affecting the formation of empathy: A gene-environment interaction model. [Factors affecting the formation of empathy: A gene-environment interaction model.]. The Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 26(3), 188-201.
- Smajdor, A., Stockl, A., & Salter, C. (2011). The limits of empathy: problems in medical education and practice. J Med Ethics, 37(6), 380-383. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.039628
- Smajdor, Anna, Stöckl, Andrea, & Salter, Charlotte. (2011). The limits of empathy: Problems in medical education and practice. Journal of Medical Ethics: Journal of the Institute of Medical Ethics, 37(6), 380-383. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.039628
- Stanley, P., & Hurst, M. (2011). Narrative palliative care: a method for building empathy. J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care, 7(1), 39-55. doi: 10.1080/15524256.2011.548046
- Supady, A., Voelkel, A., Witzel, J., Gubka, U., & Northoff, G. (2011). How is informed consent related to emotions and empathy? An exploratory neuroethical investigation. J Med Ethics, 37(5), 311-317. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.037937
- Tavakol, S., Dennick, R., & Tavakol, M. (2011). Empathy in UK medical students: differences by gender, medical year and specialty interest. Educ Prim Care, 22(5), 297-303.
- Thoma, P., Zalewski, I., von Reventlow, H. G., Norra, C., Juckel, G., & Daum, I. (2011). Cognitive and affective empathy in depression linked to executive control. Psychiatry Res, 189(3), 373-378. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.030
- Thomas, S. P. (2011). What's new about empathy? Issues Ment Health Nurs, 32(2), 89. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2011.541340
- Ullrich, P., Wollbruck, D., Danker, H., & Singer, S. (2011). Evaluation of psycho-social training for speech therapists in oncology. Impact on general communication skills and empathy. A qualitative pilot study. J Cancer Educ, 26(2), 294-300. doi: 10.1007/s13187-010-0148-0
- van Honk, Jack, Schutter, Dennis J., Bos, Peter A., Kruijt, Anne-Wil, Lentjes, Eef G., & Baron-Cohen, Simon. (2011). Testosterone administration impairs cognitive empathy in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(8), 3448-3452. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011891108
- van Vugt, E., Asscher, J., Hendriks, J., Stams, G. J., Bijleveld, C., & van der Laan, P. (2011). Assessment of Moral Judgment and Empathy in Young Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Clinical Judgment and Test Results. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11420083
- Wagenschutz, H., Ross, P., Bernat, C., & Lypson, M. L. (2011). Empathy integration: a two way street between medical students and standardized patients. Med Teach, 33(5), 423-424.
- Warmington, S. (2011). Practising engagement: Infusing communication with empathy and compassion in medical students' clinical encounters. Health (London). doi: 10.1177/1363459311416834
- Weng, H. C., Steed, J. F., Yu, S. W., Liu, Y. T., Hsu, C. C., Yu, T. J., & Chen, W. (2011). The effect of surgeon empathy and emotional intelligence on patient satisfaction. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 16(5), 591-600. doi: 10.1007/s10459-011-9278-3
- Wirtz, M., Boecker, M., Forkmann, T., & Neumann, M. (2011). Evaluation of the "Consultation and Relational Empathy" (CARE) measure by means of Rasch-analysis at the example of cancer patients. Patient Educ Couns, 82(3), 298-306. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.12.009