Empathy in Clinical Training & Practice

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Empathy Resources for Therapists & Counselors

Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP

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The following references may help therapists, counselors, and other clinicians who wish to keep abreast of the research, theory, and related literature on empathy.

Although there is a massive literature on empathy, I've focused mainly on works concerned with empathy in clinical training and practice, and in other clinical contexts. This literature addresses such issues as:

I've also focused on recent (i.e., published in 2011, 2012, & 2013) works.

For those interested, I also maintain a web page on this site focusing on compassion.

Articles on Empathy in Clinical Contexts: 

  1. Achim, A. M., Ouellet, R., Roy, M. A., & Jackson, P. L. (2011). Assessment of empathy in first-episode psychosis and meta-analytic comparison with previous studies in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 190(1), 3-8.

  2. Afghani, B., Besimanto, S., Amin, A., & Shapiro, J. (2011). Medical students' perspectives on clinical empathy training. Educ Health, 24(1), 544.

  3. Al Onazi, M., Al Jondeby, M., Azeem, M., & Al Sayyari, A. (2011). Factors affecting saudi hemodialysis patients' perception of healthcare providers' empathy. Arab J Nephrol Transplant, 4(2), 71-76.

  4. Attar, H. S., & Chandramani, S. (2012). Impact of physician empathy on migraine disability and migraineur compliance. Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 15(Suppl 1), S89-94.

  5. Aziz-Zadeh, L., Sheng, T., Liew, S. L., & Damasio, H. (2011). Understanding Otherness: The Neural Bases of Action Comprehension and Pain Empathy in a Congenital Amputee. Cereb Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr139

  6. Bandstra, N. F., Chambers, C. T., McGrath, P. J., & Moore, C. (2011). The behavioural expression of empathy to others' pain versus others' sadness in young children. Pain, 152(5), 1074-1082.

  7. Barchia, Kirstin, & Bussey, Kay. (2011). Predictors of student defenders of peer aggression victims: Empathy and social cognitive factors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(4), 289-297. doi: 10.1177/0165025410396746

  8. Berg, K., Majdan, J. F., Berg, D., Veloski, J., & Hojat, M. (2011). Medical students' self-reported empathy and simulated patients' assessments of student empathy: an analysis by gender and ethnicity. Acad Med, 86(8), 984-988.

  9. Berg, K., Majdan, J. F., Berg, D., Veloski, J., & Hojat, M. (2011). A comparison of medical students' self-reported empathy with simulated patients' assessments of the students' empathy. Med Teach, 33(5), 388-391. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2010.530319

  10. Bizub, A. L. (2012). A Hard Pill to Swallow: Medication, Empathy, and the Value of Collaborative Recovery. Community Ment Health J. doi: 10.1007/s10597-012-9553-7

  11. Bras, M., Brajkovic, L., Milunovic, V., Bicanic, I., Haller, F., Dordevic, V., et al. (2012). Psychiatrists' empathy, beliefs and attitudes towards veterans suffering from combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Danub, 24(3), 287-291.

  12. Brazeau, C. M., Schroeder, R., Rovi, S., & Boyd, L. (2011). Relationship between medical student service and empathy. Acad Med, 86(10 Suppl), S42-45.

  13. Brockhouse, R., Msetfi, R. M., Cohen, K., & Joseph, S. (2011). Vicarious exposure to trauma and growth in therapists: The moderating effects of sense of coherence, organizational support, and empathy. J Trauma Stress, 24(6), 735-742. doi: 10.1002/jts.20704

  14. Brodsky, S. L., & Wilson, J. K. (2012). Empathy in Forensic Evaluations: a Systematic Reconsideration. Behav Sci Law. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2042

  15. Brown, S., Harkins, L., & Beech, A. R. (2011). General and Victim-Specific Empathy: Associations With Actuarial Risk, Treatment Outcome, and Sexual Recidivism. Sex Abuse. doi: 10.1177/1079063211423944

  16. Brown, S., Harkins, L., & Beech, A. R. (2012). General and victim-specific empathy: associations with actuarial risk, treatment outcome, and sexual recidivism. Sex Abuse, 24(5), 411-430.

  17. Brown, T., Boyle, M., Williams, B., Molloy, A., Palermo, C., McKenna, L., & Molloy, L. (2011). Predictors of empathy in health science students. J Allied Health, 40(3), 143-149.

  18. Bruns, F., & Frewer, A. (2011). Ethics consultation and empathy: finding the balance in clinical settings. HEC Forum, 23(4), 247-255. doi: 10.1007/s10730-011-9164-7

  19. Burks, D. J., & Kobus, A. M. (2012). The legacy of altruism in health care: the promotion of empathy, prosociality and humanism. Med Educ, 46(3), 317-325

  20. Burks, D. J., Youll, L. K., & Durtschi, J. P. (2012). The empathy-altruism association and its relevance to health care professions. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(3), 395-400.

  21. Caroe, T. (2012). Burnout and empathy in primary care. Br J Gen Pract, 62(602), 462.

  22. Chen, D. C., Kirshenbaum, D. S., Yan, J., Kirshenbaum, E., & Aseltine, R. H. (2012). Characterizing changes in student empathy throughout medical school. Med Teach, 34(4), 305-311.

  23. Chung, H., Lee, H., Chang, D. S., Kim, H. S., Lee, H., Park, H. J., et al. (2012). Doctor's attire influences perceived empathy in the patient-doctor relationship. Patient Educ Couns, 89(3), 387-391.

  24. Cohen, M., Quintner, J., Buchanan, D., Nielsen, M., & Guy, L. (2011). Stigmatization of patients with chronic pain: the extinction of empathy. Pain Med, 12(11), 1637-1643. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01264.x

  25. Compton, M. T., Broussard, B., Hankerson-Dyson, D., Krishan, S., & Stewart-Hutto, T. (2011). Do empathy and psychological mindedness affect police officers' decision to enter crisis intervention team training?  Psychiatr Serv, 62(6), 632-638. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.62.6.632

  26. Costa, P., Magalhaes, E., & Costa, M. J. (2012). A latent growth model suggests that empathy of medical students does not decline over time. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract.

  27. Cox, John L. (2011). Empathy, identity and engagement in person-centred medicine: The sociocultural context. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 350-353. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01580.x

  28. Cunico, L., Sartori, R., Marognolli, O., & Meneghini, A. M. (2012). Developing empathy in nursing students: a cohort longitudinal study. J Clin Nurs, 21(13-14), 2016-2025.

  29. Dadds, M. R., Allen, J. L., Oliver, B. R., Faulkner, N., Legge, K., Moul, C., & Scott, S. (2011). Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy. Br J Psychiatry. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085720

  30. Damjanov, I. (2012). Medical students writing letters to their patients: Teaching communication and empathy. Acta Med Acad, 41(1), 4-6.

  31. de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2011). Understanding deficits in empathy after traumatic brain injury: The role of affective responsivity. Cortex, 47(5), 526-535. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.02.004

  32. Dehning, S., Girma, E., Gasperi, S., Meyer, S., Tesfaye, M., & Siebeck, M. (2012). Comparative cross-sectional study of empathy among first year and final year medical students in Jimma University, Ethiopia: steady state of the heart and opening of the eyes. BMC Med Educ, 12, 34.

  33. Del Canale, S., Louis, D. Z., Maio, V., Wang, X., Rossi, G., Hojat, M., et al. (2012). The relationship between physician empathy and disease complications: an empirical study of primary care physicians and their diabetic patients in Parma, Italy. Acad Med, 87(9), 1243-1249.

  34. Dewi, F. D., Sudjana, G., & Oesman, Y. M. (2011). Patient satisfaction analysis on service quality of dental health care based on empathy and responsiveness. Dent Res J (Isfahan), 8(4), 172-177. doi: 10.4103/1735-3327.86032

  35. Dinkins, C. S. (2011). Ethics: beyond patient care: practicing empathy in the workplace. Online J Issues Nurs, 16(2), 11.

  36. Drwecki, B. B., Moore, C. F., Ward, S. E., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011). Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain, 152(5), 1001-1006. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.005

  37. Dunbar, R. L., & Nichols, M. D. (2012). Fostering empathy in undergraduate health science majors through the reconciliation of objectivity and subjectivity: an integrated approach. Anat Sci Educ, 5(5), 301-308.

  38. Dyrbye, L. N., Eacker, A. M., Harper, W., Power, D. V., Massie, F. S., Jr., Satele, D., et al. (2012). Distress and empathy do not drive changes in specialty preference among US medical students. Med Teach, 34(2), e116-122.

  39. Dziobek, I., Preissler, S., Grozdanovic, Z., Heuser, I., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2011). Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage, 57(2), 539-548. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.005

  40. Elliott, C. M., 2nd, Toomey, R. J., 3rd, Goodman, B. A., & Barbosa, P. (2012). Transformative learning: empathy and multicultural awareness in podiatric medical education. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 102(1), 39-46.

  41. Elliott, C. M., 2nd, Toomey, R. J., 3rd, Goodman, B. A., & Barbosa, P. (2012). Transformative learning: empathy and multicultural awareness in podiatric medical education. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 102(1), 39-46.

  42. Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 43-49.

  43. Faver, Catherine A., & Alanis, Erika. (2011). Fostering empathy through stories: A pilot program for special needs adoptive families. Children and Youth Services Review, No Pagination Specified. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.12.012

  44. Faye, A., Kalra, G., Swamy, R., Shukla, A., Subramanyam, A., & Kamath, R. (2011). Study of emotional intelligence and empathy in medical postgraduates. Indian J Psychiatry, 53(2), 140-144. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.82541

  45. Fields, Sylvia K., Mahan, Pamela, Tillman, Paula, Harris, Jeffrey, Maxwell, Kaye, & Hojat, Mohammadreza. (2011). Measuring empathy in healthcare profession students using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Health provider – student version. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25(4), 287-293. doi: 10.3109/13561820.2011.566648

  46. Fjortoft, N., Van Winkle, L. J., & Hojat, M. (2011). Measuring empathy in pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ, 75(6), 109. doi: 10.5688/ajpe756109

  47. Frankel, M., Rachlin, H., & Yip-Bannicq, M. (2012). How nondirective therapy directs: The power of empathy in the context of unconditional positive regard. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 11(3), 205-214.

  48. Fredricks, T. R. (2012). Efficacy of a physician's words of empathy: an overview of state apology laws. J Am Osteopath Assoc, 112(7), 405-406.

  49. Gair, S. (2012). Haiku as a creative writing approach to explore empathy with social work students: A classroom-based inquiry. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 25(2), 69-82.

  50. Garg, A., & Guez, G. (2012). Studies highlight loss of empathy among dental students during training. Dent Implantol Update, 23(4), 30-32.

  51. Gehrie, M. J. (2011). From archaic narcissism to empathy for the self: the evolution of new capacities in psychoanalysis. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 59(2), 313-334. doi: 10.1177/0003065111406269

  52. Gelhaus, P. (2011). The desired moral attitude of the physician: (I) empathy. Med Health Care Philos. doi: 10.1007/s11019-011-9366-4

  53. Gerdes, K. E., & Segal, E. (2011). Importance of empathy for social work practice: integrating new science. Soc Work, 56(2), 141-148.

  54. Gerdes, Karen E. (2011). Empathy, sympathy, and pity: 21st-century definitions and implications for practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 230-241. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564027

  55. Gerdes, Karen E. (2011). Introduction: 21st-century conceptualizations of empathy: Implications for social work practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 226-229. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564024

  56. Gerdes, Karen E., Segal, Elizabeth A., Jackson, Kelly F., & Mullins, Jennifer L. (2011). Teaching empathy: A framework rooted in social cognitive neuroscience and social justice. Journal of Social Work Education; 47(1), 109-131. doi: 10.5175/jswe.2011.200900085

  57. Gerschcovich, Eliana Roldan, Cerquetti, Daniel, Tenca, Eduardo, & Leiguarda, Ramon. (2011). The impact of bilateral cerebellar damage on theory of mind, empathy and decision making. Neurocase, 17(3), 270-275. doi: 10.1080/13554791003730618

  58. Gibbons, Susan B. (2011). Understanding empathy as a complex construct: A review of the literature. Clinical Social Work Journal, 39(3), 243-252. doi: 10.1007/s10615-010-0305-2

  59. Goldberg, A. (2011). The enduring presence of Heinz Kohut: empathy and its vicissitudes.  J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 59(2), 289-312. doi: 10.1177/0003065111406269

  60. Gosselink, M. J., & Witteveen, T. (2012). Growth in empathy during clinical exchange. Clin Teach, 9(3), 188-189.

  61. Grant, Donald, & Harari, Edwin. (2011). Empathy in psychoanalytic theory and practice. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512844

  62. Greenhawt, M. J., Green, T. D., Pistiner, M., & Mitchell, L. (2011). Empathy, understanding, and objectivity need to prevail for students with food allergies. [Editorial]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 107(2), 93-94. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.05.011

  63. Halpern, J. (2012). Gathering the patient's story and clinical empathy. Perm J, 16(1), 52-54.

  64. Hazel, S. J., Signal, T. D., & Taylor, N. (2011). Can teaching veterinary and animal-science students about animal welfare affect their attitude toward animals and human-related empathy? J Vet Med Educ, 38(1), 74-83.

  65. Hill, A. (2011). Cultivating empathy--nursing's core. Nurs N Z, 17(8), 3.

  66. Hirvelä, Shari, & Helkama, Klaus. (2011). Empathy, values, morality and Asperger's syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(6), 560-572. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00913.x

  67. Hojat, M., Louis, D. Z., Markham, F. W., Wender, R., Rabinowitz, C., & Gonnella, J. S. (2011). Physicians' empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med, 86(3), 359-364. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182086fe1

  68. Hong, M., Lee, W. H., Park, J. H., Yoon, T. Y., Moon, D. S., Lee, S. M., et al. (2012). Changes of empathy in medical college and medical school students: 1-year follow up study. BMC Med Educ, 12, 122.

  69. Issner, J. B., Cano, A., Leonard, M. T., & Williams, A. M. (2012). How Do I Empathize With You? Let Me Count the Ways: Relations Between Facets of Pain-Related Empathy. J Pain. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.009

  70. Jani, B. D., Blane, D. N., & Mercer, S. W. (2012). The role of empathy in therapy and the physician-patient relationship. Forsch Komplementmed, 19(5), 252-257.

  71. Johnson, Dan R. (2012). Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 150-155. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.005

  72. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? J Adolesc, 34(1), 59-71. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.001

  73. Joy, M. (2011). Emollient empathy. Conn Med, 75(7), 410-411.

  74. Kitron, David. (2011). Empathy—The indispensable ingredient in the impossible profession. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31(1), 17-27. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512845

  75. Knopp, R. (2011). Empathy in 10 minutes: a medical oxymoron. Minn Med, 94(2), 28-29.

  76. Kommalage, M. (2011). Using videos to introduce clinical material: effects on empathy. Med Educ, 45(5), 514-515. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.03951.x

  77. Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage, 54(3), 2492-2502. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014

  78. Langdon, P. E., Murphy, G. H., Clare, I. C., Steverson, T., & Palmer, E. J. (2011). Relationships among moral reasoning, empathy, and distorted cognitions in men with intellectual disabilities and a history of criminal offending. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil, 116(6), 438-456. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.6.438

  79. Latham, L., Macdonald, A., Kimball, A. B., & Langley, R. G. (2011). Teaching empathy to undergraduate medical students using a temporary tattoo simulating psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.07.023

  80. Latimer, M., Jackson, P., Johnston, C., & Vine, J. (2011). Examining nurse empathy for infant procedural pain: Testing a new video measure. Pain Res Manag, 16(4), 228-233.

  81. Lelorain, S., Bredart, A., Dolbeault, S., & Sultan, S. (2012). A systematic review of the associations between empathy measures and patient outcomes in cancer care. Psychooncology. doi: 10.1002/pon.2115

  82. Lelorain, S., Sultan, S., Zenasni, F., Catu-Pinault, A., Jaury, P., Boujut, E., et al. (2012). Empathic concern and professional characteristics associated with clinical empathy in French general practitioners. Eur J Gen Pract. doi: 10.3109/13814788.2012.709842

  83. Leonard, P. C. (2012). Imperturbability is not incompatible with clinical empathy. BMJ, 345, e4533.

  84. Lewis, M. A. (2011). Gain of function: empathy for the uncertain patient with cancer. J Clin Oncol, 29(22), 3103-3104. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.35.1122

  85. Lim, B. T., Moriarty, H., Huthwaite, M., Gray, L., Pullon, S., & Gallagher, P. (2012). How well do medical students rate and communicate clinical empathy? Med Teach. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2012.715783

  86. Lin, C., Li, L., Wan, D., Wu, Z., & Yan, Z. (2012). Empathy and avoidance in treating patients living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among service providers in China. AIDS Care, 24(11), 1341-1348.

  87. Lishner, D. A., Vitacco, M. J., Hong, P. Y., Mosley, J., Miska, K., & Stocks, E. L. (2011). Evaluating the Relation Between Psychopathy and Affective Empathy: Two Preliminary Studies. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11421891

  88. Maddox, Lucy, Lee, Deborah, & Barker, Chris. (2011). Police empathy and victim PTSD as potential factors in rape case attrition. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 26(2), 112-117. doi: 10.1007/s11896-010-9075-6

  89. Magalhaes, E., Costa, P., & Costa, M. J. (2012). Empathy of medical students and personality: evidence from the Five-Factor Model. Med Teach, 34(10), 807-812.

  90. Magalhaes, E., Salgueira, A. P., Costa, P., & Costa, M. J. (2011). Empathy in senior year and first year medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ, 11, 52. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-52

  91. Malpas, P. J., & Corbett, A. (2012). Modelling empathy in medical and nursing education. N Z Med J, 125(1352), 94-100.

  92. Manolakis, M. L., Olin, J. L., Thornton, P. L., Dolder, C. R., & Hanrahan, C. (2011). A module on death and dying to develop empathy in student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ, 75(4), 71.

  93. Marlow, E., Nyamathi, A., Grajeda, W. T., Bailey, N., Weber, A., & Younger, J. (2011). Nonviolent Communication Training and Empathy in Male Parolees. J Correct Health Care. doi: 10.1177/1078345811420979

  94. Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (2011). Empathy and antisocial behaviour. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(5), 742-759. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2011.617544

  95. Masten, Carrie L., Morelli, Sylvia A., & Eisenberger, Naomi I. (2011). An fMRI investigation of empathy for 'social pain' and subsequent prosocial behavior. NeuroImage; 55(1), 381-388. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.060

  96. Maurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noel, X., Joassin, F., Philippot, P., Hanak, C., . . . Campanella, S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: a specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 35(9), 1662-1668. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01512.x

  97. McDevitt, Patrick J. (2011). Priests as victims of childhood sexual abuse: The effects of disclosure on empathy. Pastoral Psychology, 60(5), 681-691. doi: 10.1007/s11089-011-0345-8

  98. McGarry, Lucy M., & Russo, Frank A. (2011). Mirroring in dance/movement therapy: Potential mechanisms behind empathy enhancement. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 38(3), 178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2011.04.005

  99. McHenry, M., Parker, P. A., Baile, W. F., & Lenzi, R. (2011). Voice analysis during bad news discussion in oncology: reduced pitch, decreased speaking rate, and nonverbal communication of empathy. Support Care Cancer. doi: 10.1007/s00520-011-1187-8

  100. McKenna, L., Boyle, M., Brown, T., Williams, B., Molloy, A., Lewis, B., & Molloy, L. (2011). Levels of empathy in undergraduate midwifery students: an Australian cross-sectional study. Women Birth, 24(2), 80-84. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2011.02.003

  101. McMillan, L. R., & Shannon, D. M. (2011). Psychometric Analysis of the JSPE Nursing Student Version R: Comparison of Senior BSN Students and Medical Students Attitudes toward Empathy in Patient Care. ISRN Nurs, 2011, 726063. doi: 10.5402/2011/726063

  102. Mercer, S. W., Jani, B. D., Maxwell, M., Wong, S. Y., & Watt, G. C. (2012). Patient enablement requires physician empathy: a cross-sectional study of general practice consultations in areas of high and low socioeconomic deprivation in Scotland. BMC Fam Pract, 13, 6.

  103. Mommaerts, J. L., Goubert, L., & Devroey, D. (2012). Empathy beyond the conceptual level: core nonspecific factors of psychotherapy. Perspect Biol Med, 55(2), 175-182.

  104. Moriwaki, Aiko, Ito, Ryoko, & Fujino, Hiroshi. (2011). Characteristics of empathy for friendship in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Japanese Journal of Special Education, 48(6), 593-604.

  105. Moyers, T. B., & Miller, W. R. (2012). Is Low Therapist Empathy Toxic? Psychol Addict Behav. doi: 10.1037/a0030274

  106. Mullins, Jennifer L. (2011). A framework for cultivating and increasing child welfare workers' empathy toward parents. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 242-253. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2011.564030

  107. Munoz, L. C., Qualter, P., & Padgett, G. (2011). Empathy and bullying: exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 42(2), 183-196. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1

  108. Muñoz, Luna C., Qualter, Pamela, & Padgett, Gemma. (2011). Empathy and bullying: Exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42(2), 183-196. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1

  109. Nambisan, P. (2011). Information seeking and social support in online health communities: impact on patients' perceived empathy. [Multicenter Study]. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 18(3), 298-304. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2010-000058

  110. Neumann, M., Bensing, J., Wirtz, M., Wubker, A., Scheffer, C., Tauschel, D., & Pfaff, H. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on physician empathy: a study from the perspective of patients with private and statutory health insurance. Patient Educ Couns, 84(2), 208-216. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.012

  111. Neumann, M., Edelhauser, F., Tauschel, D., Fischer, M. R., Wirtz, M., Woopen, C., & Scheffer, C. (2011). Empathy decline and its reasons: a systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Acad Med, 86(8), 996-1009. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318221e615

  112. Neumann, M., Scheffer, C., Tauschel, D., Lutz, G., Wirtz, M., & Edelhauser, F. (2012). Physician empathy: definition, outcome-relevance and its measurement in patient care and medical education. GMS Z Med Ausbild, 29(1), Doc11.

  113. Neumann, Melanie, Bensing, Jozien, Wirtz, Markus, Wübker, Ansgar, Scheffer, Christian, Tauschel, Diethard, & Pfaff, Holger. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on physician empathy: A study from the perspective of patients with private and statutory health insurance. Patient Education and Counseling, 84(2), 208-216. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.012

  114. Osman, Suzanne L. (2011). Predicting rape empathy based on victim, perpetrator, and participant gender, and history of sexual aggression. Sex Roles, 64(7-8), 506-515. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9919-7

  115. Overmon, A., & Elliott, R. L. (2012). Empathy in medical training. J Med Assoc Ga, 101(3), 28-29.

  116. Ozcan, C. T., Oflaz, F., & Bakir, B. (2012). The effect of a structured empathy course on the students of a medical and a nursing school. Int Nurs Rev, 59(4), 532-538.

  117. Padilla-Walker, Laura M., & Christensen, Katherine J. (2011). Empathy and self-regulation as mediators between parenting and adolescents' prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 545-551. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00695.x

  118. Passalacqua, S. A., & Segrin, C. (2011). The Effect of Resident Physician Stress, Burnout, and Empathy on Patient-Centered Communication During the Long-Call Shift. Health Commun. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.606527

  119. Passalacqua, S. A., & Segrin, C. (2012). The effect of resident physician stress, burnout, and empathy on patient-centered communication during the long-call shift. Health Commun, 27(5), 449-456.

  120. Pickard, Hanna. (2011). Responsibility without blame: Empathy and the effective treatment of personality disorder. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 18(3), 209-223.

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